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📊 Data Analyst Interview Cheat Sheet (2025 Edition)

✅ 1. SQL Essentials
Key Concepts:
• SELECT, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING
• JOINs (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL)
• Window Functions (ROW_NUMBER, RANK, LEAD/LAG)
• Subqueries & CTEs
• Aggregations & Filtering

Practice Queries:
• Top 3 customers by revenue
• Monthly active users
• Running total or moving average
• Products never sold

✅ 2. Excel/Spreadsheet Skills
Key Concepts:
• VLOOKUP, XLOOKUP, INDEX-MATCH
• IF, AND, OR logic
• Pivot Tables & Charts
• Conditional Formatting
• Data Cleaning Functions (TRIM, CLEAN, TEXTSPLIT)

✅ 3. Data Visualization
Tools: Tableau, Power BI, Excel
Key Charts:
• Line chart – Trend
• Bar chart – Comparison
• Pie chart – Distribution
• Scatter plot – Correlation
• Heatmaps

Best Practices:
• Keep visuals simple & clear
• Use color intentionally
• Add titles, labels, tooltips

✅ 4. Statistics & Analytics Concepts
Key Concepts:
• Mean, Median, Mode
• Standard Deviation, Variance
• Correlation vs Causation
• Hypothesis Testing (p-value, t-test)
• A/B Testing basics
• Confidence Intervals

✅ 5. Python for Data Analysis
Key Libraries:
• Pandas – data manipulation
• NumPy – numerical ops
• Matplotlib/Seaborn – visualization
• SQLAlchemy – database access

Common Tasks:
• Read CSV/excel files
• GroupBy and aggregations
• Handling missing data
• Merge/join datasets
• Create charts

✅ 6. Business Acumen & Communication
Key Skills:
• Ask the right questions
• Translate data into insights
• Storytelling with data
• Build dashboards with KPIs
• Communicate with non-tech stakeholders

✅ 7. Tools to Know
• Excel / Google Sheets
• SQL (MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.)
• Tableau / Power BI
• Python / R
• Jupyter / VS Code

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✅ 20 Data Analyst Interview Questions

1. What is data analysis
The process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to discover useful information and support decision-making.

2. What tools do data analysts commonly use
Excel, SQL, Python, R, Tableau, Power BI, SAS, and Google Sheets. Each tool serves different purposes like querying, visualization, or statistical analysis.

3. What is the difference between data analyst and data scientist
• Data Analyst: Focuses on interpreting existing data and generating reports
• Data Scientist: Builds predictive models and algorithms using advanced techniques

4. How do you handle missing data
• Remove rows
• Impute values (mean, median, mode)
• Use algorithms that handle missing data
• Flag missing values for analysis

5. What is the difference between INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN in SQL
• INNER JOIN: Returns only matching rows
• LEFT JOIN: Returns all rows from the left table and matching rows from the right

6. What is normalization in databases
Organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve integrity. Common forms: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF.

7. How do you ensure data quality
• Validate data sources
• Check for duplicates and missing values
• Use consistency checks
• Automate data cleaning pipelines

8. What is the difference between structured and unstructured data
• Structured: Organized in rows and columns (e.g., SQL tables)
• Unstructured: No fixed format (e.g., images, emails, social media)

9. What is exploratory data analysis (EDA)
Initial investigation of data using visualizations and statistics to uncover patterns, anomalies, and relationships.

10. How do you visualize data effectively
Choose the right chart type (bar, line, pie, scatter), use clear labels, avoid clutter, and highlight key insights.

11. What is the difference between COUNT, COUNT(*) and COUNT(column) in SQL
• COUNT(*): Counts all rows
• COUNT(column): Counts non-null values in that column

12. What is a pivot table
A tool in Excel or BI platforms that summarizes data by grouping and aggregating values dynamically.

13. How do you calculate correlation between two variables
Use Pearson correlation coefficient in Python (df.corr()), R, or Excel. Values range from -1 to +1.

14. What is the difference between a dashboard and a report
• Dashboard: Interactive, real-time visual summary
• Report: Static or scheduled document with detailed analysis

15. What is the purpose of GROUP BY in SQL
Used to aggregate data across rows that share a common value in one or more columns.

16. What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING in SQL
• WHERE: Filters rows before aggregation
• HAVING: Filters groups after aggregation

17. How do you handle outliers in data
• Remove or cap them
• Use robust statistical methods
• Transform data (e.g., log scale)

18. What is the difference between mean, median, and mode
• Mean: Average
• Median: Middle value
• Mode: Most frequent value

19. What is time series analysis
Analyzing data points collected over time to identify trends, seasonality, and make forecasts.

20. How do you communicate insights to non-technical stakeholders
Use simple language, visualizations, storytelling, and focus on business impact rather than technical jargon.

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Top Excel Formulas Every Data Analyst Should Know

SUM():

Purpose: Adds up a range of numbers.

Example: =SUM(A1:A10)


AVERAGE():

Purpose: Calculates the average of a range of numbers.

Example: =AVERAGE(B1:B10)


COUNT():

Purpose: Counts the number of cells containing numbers.

Example: =COUNT(C1:C10)


IF():

Purpose: Returns one value if a condition is true, and another if false.

Example: =IF(A1 > 10, "Yes", "No")


VLOOKUP():

Purpose: Searches for a value in the first column and returns a value in the same row from another column.

Example: =VLOOKUP(D1, A1:B10, 2, FALSE)


HLOOKUP():

Purpose: Searches for a value in the first row and returns a value in the same column from another row.

Example: =HLOOKUP("Sales", A1:F5, 3, FALSE)


INDEX():

Purpose: Returns the value of a cell based on row and column numbers.

Example: =INDEX(A1:C10, 2, 3)


MATCH():

Purpose: Searches for a value and returns its position in a range.

Example: =MATCH("Product B", A1:A10, 0)


CONCATENATE() or CONCAT():

Purpose: Joins multiple text strings into one.

Example: =CONCATENATE(A1, " ", B1)


TEXT():

Purpose: Formats numbers or dates as text.

Example: =TEXT(A1, "dd/mm/yyyy")

Excel Resources: t.iss.one/excel_data

I have curated Data Analytics Resources 👇👇
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaGgzAk72WTmQFERKh02

❌ SQL alone won’t make you a Data Analyst
❌ SQL won’t guarantee you a 20 LPA job
❌ SQL cannot be mastered in one weekend
❌ SQL is not just “SELECT * FROM table”
❌ SQL isn’t only for technical people
❌ SQL is not outdated or getting replaced

But here’s what SQL *can* do:

✔️ SQL helps you handle millions of rows with ease
✔️ SQL empowers you to extract real insights from raw data
✔️ SQL makes you independent of Excel limitations
✔️ SQL lets you ask deep, complex business questions
✔️ SQL is the foundation of most data tools (Power BI, Tableau, Python, etc.)
✔️ SQL is a must-have skill for data professionals
✔️ SQL is trusted by companies across the globe

Right mindset = Right learning path

React ❤️ if you agree

✅ 📊 Top 10 Data Analyst Interview Questions

1️⃣ What is Data Wrangling?
Answer: It's the process of cleaning, structuring, and enriching raw data into a desired format for analysis. It includes handling nulls, removing duplicates, and standardizing formats.

2️⃣ How is Excel used in Data Analysis?
Answer: Excel is used for quick data cleaning, pivot tables, basic stats, visualizations, and what-if analysis.

3️⃣ What are the different types of data?
Answer:
- Structured: Organized in rows/columns (e.g. databases)
- Unstructured: No format (e.g. text, images)
- Semi-structured: Tags or markers (e.g. JSON, XML)

4️⃣ Define Normalization. Why is it important?
Answer: It's the process of organizing data to reduce redundancy. It ensures consistency and optimizes storage.

5️⃣ What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING in SQL?
Answer:
- WHERE: Filters rows before aggregation
- HAVING: Filters groups after aggregation

6️⃣ What is the use of GROUP BY in SQL?
Answer: It groups rows with the same values in specified columns, often used with aggregate functions like COUNT(), SUM(), AVG().

7️⃣ What is an Outlier? How do you detect it?
Answer: An outlier is a data point that differs significantly from others. Detection methods: IQR, Z-score, boxplots.

8️⃣ How do you prioritize tasks when handling multiple projects?
Answer: By assessing deadlines, impact, complexity, and using tools like Trello, Notion, or Excel trackers.

9️⃣ What are Data Dashboards?
Answer: Visual interfaces that display key metrics and KPIs in real-time, used for quick business decision-making.

🔟 What’s the difference between OLAP and OLTP?
Answer:
- OLAP (Analytical): Used for complex queries & reporting
- OLTP (Transactional): Used for real-time data processing (e.g. banking systems)

💡 Pro Tip: Be ready to explain your thought process with real-life projects or case studies during interviews!

👍 React ❤️ if this helped!

✅ 📌 Essential SQL Commands & Functions Cheatsheet 🧑‍💻

Whether beginner or prepping for data roles, mastering these essentials helps a lot! 💡

⬇️ Quick SQL reference:

1) SELECT – Retrieve data
2) WHERE – Filter rows by condition
3) GROUP BY – Aggregate by column(s)
4) HAVING – Filter aggregated groups
5) ORDER BY – Sort results
6) JOIN – Combine tables
7) UNION – Merge query results
8) INSERT INTO – Add new records
9) UPDATE – Modify records
10) DELETE – Remove records
11) CREATE TABLE – Make a new table
12) ALTER TABLE – Modify table structure
13) DROP TABLE – Delete a table
14) TRUNCATE TABLE – Remove all rows
15) DISTINCT – Get unique values
16) LIMIT – Restrict result count
17) IN / BETWEEN – Filter by multiple values/ranges
18) LIKE – Pattern match
19) IS NULL – Filter NULLs
20) COUNT()/SUM()/AVG() – Aggregate functions

✅ Save & save time in your next SQL task! 😉

Data Analytics Resources: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaGgzAk72WTmQFERKh02

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✅ Core Data Analytics Concepts You Should Know:

1. Excel & Spreadsheets (Basics)
- Data entry, sorting, filtering
- Basic formulas: SUM, AVERAGE, IF, VLOOKUP, COUNTIF
- Pivot tables & charts

2. Statistics & Math Basics
- Mean, Median, Mode
- Standard Deviation, Variance
- Correlation & Regression
- Probability basics

3. SQL (Data Extraction)
- SELECT, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING
- JOINs (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT)
- Subqueries & CTEs
- Window functions (ROW_NUMBER, RANK, etc.)

4. Data Cleaning & Wrangling
- Handling missing values
- Removing duplicates
- Formatting and standardization

5. Data Visualization
- Tools: Excel, Power BI, Tableau
- Charts: Bar, Line, Pie, Histogram
- Dashboards & storytelling with data

6. Programming with Python (Optional but recommended)
- Pandas, NumPy for data manipulation
- Matplotlib, Seaborn for visualization
- Jupyter Notebooks for analysis

7. Business Understanding
- Asking the right questions
- KPI understanding
- Domain knowledge

8. Projects & Case Studies
- Sales analysis, Customer retention, Market trends
- Use real-world datasets (Kaggle, Google Data Studio)

9. Reporting & Communication
- Presenting insights clearly.
- Visual storytelling
- Report automation basics (Excel, PowerPoint)

10. Tools Knowledge
- Power BI / Tableau
- SQL Workbench / BigQuery
- Excel / Google Sheets

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✅ Top 10 SQL Statements & Functions for Data Analysis 📊💻

Mastering SQL is essential for data analysts. Here are the most commonly used SQL commands and functions that help extract, manipulate, and summarize data efficiently.

1️⃣ SELECT – Retrieve Data 
Use it to fetch specific columns from a table.

SELECT name, age FROM employees;

2️⃣ FROM – Specify Table 
Tells SQL where to pull the data from.

SELECT * FROM sales_data;

3️⃣ WHERE – Filter Data 
Applies conditions to filter rows.

SELECT * FROM customers WHERE city = 'Delhi';

4️⃣ GROUP BY – Aggregate by Categories 
Groups rows based on one or more columns for aggregation.

SELECT department, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY department;

5️⃣ HAVING – Filter After Grouping 
Filters groups after GROUP BY (unlike WHERE, which filters rows).

SELECT category, SUM(sales) 
FROM orders 
GROUP BY category 
HAVING SUM(sales) > 10000;

6️⃣ ORDER BY – Sort Results 
Sorts the result set in ascending or descending order.

SELECT name, salary FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC;

7️⃣ COUNT() – Count Records 
Counts number of rows or non-null values.

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM products;

8️⃣ SUM() – Total Values 
Calculates the sum of numeric values.

SELECT SUM(amount) FROM transactions;

9️⃣ AVG() – Average Values 
Returns the average of numeric values.

SELECT AVG(price) FROM items;

🔟 JOIN – Combine Tables 
Combines rows from multiple tables based on related columns.

SELECT a.name, b.order_date  
FROM customers a  
JOIN orders b ON a.id = b.customer_id;

SQL Resources: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v

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🧠 SQL Basics Cheatsheet 📊🛠️

1. What is SQL?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to store, retrieve, update, and delete data in relational databases.

2. Common SQL Commands:
- SELECT – Retrieves data
- INSERT INTO – Adds new data
- UPDATE – Modifies existing data
- DELETE – Removes data
- WHERE – Filters records
- ORDER BY – Sorts results
- GROUP BY – Aggregates data
- JOIN – Combines data from multiple tables

3. Data Types (Examples):
- INT, FLOAT, VARCHAR(n), DATE, BOOLEAN

4. Clauses to Know:
- WHERE – Filters rows
- LIKE, BETWEEN, IN, IS NULL – Conditional filters
- DISTINCT – Removes duplicates
- LIMIT – Restricts row count
- AS – Rename columns

5. SQL JOINS (Very Important):
- INNER JOIN – Matching rows in both tables
- LEFT JOIN – All from left + matches from right
- RIGHT JOIN – All from right + matches from left
- FULL OUTER JOIN – All rows from both tables

6. Aggregate Functions:
- COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX()

7. Example Query:
SELECT name, AVG(score)
FROM students
WHERE grade = 'A'
GROUP BY name
ORDER BY AVG(score) DESC;

8. Constraints:
- PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK

9. Indexing & Optimization:
- Use INDEX to speed up queries
- Avoid SELECT * in production
- Use EXPLAIN to analyze query plans

10. Popular SQL Databases:
- MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle

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🧠 Top 10 Real-World SQL Scenarios with Sample Answers 📊💻

1. Find Duplicate Records in a Table

SELECT email, COUNT(*)  
FROM customers  
GROUP BY email  
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;

2. Find the Second Highest Salary

SELECT MAX(salary)  
FROM employees  
WHERE salary < (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees);

3. Customers with More Than 3 Orders in Last 30 Days

SELECT customer_id  
FROM orders  
WHERE order_date >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'  
GROUP BY customer_id  
HAVING COUNT(*) > 3;

4. Calculate Monthly Revenue

SELECT DATE_TRUNC('month', sale_date) AS month,  
       SUM(amount) AS monthly_revenue  
FROM sales  
GROUP BY month  
ORDER BY month;

5. Find Employees Without Managers

SELECT *  
FROM employees  
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;

6. Join Two Tables and Filter by Amount

SELECT o.order_id, c.name, o.amount  
FROM orders o  
JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.customer_id  
WHERE o.amount > 100;

7. Use CASE for Conditional Logic

SELECT name,  
  CASE  
    WHEN score >= 90 THEN 'Excellent'  
    WHEN score >= 75 THEN 'Good'  
    ELSE 'Needs Improvement'  
  END AS rating  
FROM students;

8. Find Top-Selling Products

SELECT product_id, SUM(quantity) AS total_sold  
FROM sales  
GROUP BY product_id  
ORDER BY total_sold DESC  
LIMIT 5;

9. Identify Inactive Users

SELECT user_id  
FROM users  
WHERE last_login < CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '90 days';

🔟 Calculate Conversion Rate

SELECT COUNT(*) FILTER (WHERE status = 'converted') * 100.0 / COUNT(*) AS conversion_rate  
FROM leads;

💡 Pro Tip: Practice these with real datasets and explain your logic clearly in interviews.

💬 Tap ❤️ if this helped you prep smarter!

📊 15 Data Analyst Interview Questions for Freshers (with Answers)

⦁ Who is a Data Analyst?
Ans: A professional who collects, processes, and analyzes data to help organizations make informed decisions.

⦁ What tools do data analysts commonly use?
Ans: Excel, SQL, Power BI, Tableau, Python, R, and Google Sheets.

⦁ What is data cleaning?
Ans: The process of fixing or removing incorrect, corrupted, duplicate, or incomplete data.

⦁ What is the difference between data and information?
Ans: Data is raw, unorganized facts. Information is processed data that has meaning.

⦁ What are the types of data?
Ans: Qualitative (categorical) and Quantitative (numerical), further split into discrete and continuous.

⦁ What is exploratory data analysis (EDA)?
Ans: A technique to understand data patterns using visualization and statistics before building models.

⦁ What is the difference between Excel and SQL?
Ans: Excel is good for small-scale data analysis. SQL is better for querying large databases efficiently.

⦁ What is data visualization?
Ans: Representing data using charts, graphs, dashboards, etc., to make insights clearer.

⦁ Name a few types of charts used in data analysis.
Ans: Bar chart, Line chart, Pie chart, Histogram, Box plot, Scatter plot.

⦁ What is the difference between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN?
Ans: INNER JOIN returns only matched rows; OUTER JOIN returns matched + unmatched rows from one or both tables.

⦁ What is a pivot table in Excel?
Ans: A tool to summarize, sort, and analyze large data sets dynamically.

⦁ How do you handle missing data?
Ans: Techniques include removing rows, filling with mean/median, or using predictive models.

⦁ What is correlation?
Ans: A statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are related.

⦁ What is the difference between structured and unstructured data?
Ans: Structured data is organized (e.g., tables); unstructured is not (e.g., text, images).

⦁ What are KPIs?
Ans: Key Performance Indicators – measurable values that show how effectively objectives are being achieved.

💡 Tip: Be clear with your basics, tools, and communication!

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🧠 Real-World SQL Scenario-Based Questions & Answers

1. Get the 2nd highest salary from the Employees table

SELECT MAX(salary) AS SecondHighest  
FROM Employees  
WHERE salary < (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM Employees);

2. Find employees without assigned managers

SELECT * FROM Employees  
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;

3. Retrieve departments with more than 5 employees

SELECT department_id, COUNT(*) AS employee_count  
FROM Employees  
GROUP BY department_id  
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

4. List customers who made no orders

SELECT c.name  
FROM Customers c  
LEFT JOIN Orders o ON c.id = o.customer_id  
WHERE o.id IS NULL;

5. Find the top 3 highest-paid employees

SELECT * FROM Employees  
ORDER BY salary DESC  
LIMIT 3;

6. Display total sales for each product

SELECT product, SUM(amount) AS total_sales  
FROM Sales  
GROUP BY product;

7. Get employee names starting with 'A' and ending with 'n'

SELECT name FROM Employees  
WHERE name LIKE 'A%n';

8. Show employees who joined in the last 30 days

SELECT * FROM Employees  
WHERE join_date >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL 30 DAY;

💬 Tap ❤️ for more!

✅ Data Analytics Roadmap for Freshers in 2025 🚀📊

1️⃣ Understand What a Data Analyst Does
🔍 Analyze data, find insights, create dashboards, support business decisions.

2️⃣ Start with Excel
📈 Learn:
– Basic formulas
– Charts & Pivot Tables
– Data cleaning
💡 Excel is still the #1 tool in many companies.

3️⃣ Learn SQL
🧩 SQL helps you pull and analyze data from databases.
Start with:
– SELECT, WHERE, JOIN, GROUP BY
🛠️ Practice on platforms like W3Schools or Mode Analytics.

4️⃣ Pick a Programming Language
🐍 Start with Python (easier) or R
– Learn pandas, matplotlib, numpy
– Do small projects (e.g. analyze sales data)

5️⃣ Data Visualization Tools
📊 Learn:
– Power BI or Tableau
– Build simple dashboards
💡 Start with free versions or YouTube tutorials.

6️⃣ Practice with Real Data
🔍 Use sites like Kaggle or Data.gov
– Clean, analyze, visualize
– Try small case studies (sales report, customer trends)

7️⃣ Create a Portfolio
💻 Share projects on:
– GitHub
– Notion or a simple website
📌 Add visuals + brief explanations of your insights.

8️⃣ Improve Soft Skills
🗣️ Focus on:
– Presenting data in simple words
– Asking good questions
– Thinking critically about patterns

9️⃣ Certifications to Stand Out
🎓 Try:
– Google Data Analytics (Coursera)
– IBM Data Analyst
– LinkedIn Learning basics

🔟 Apply for Internships & Entry Jobs
🎯 Titles to look for:
– Data Analyst (Intern)
– Junior Analyst
– Business Analyst

💬 React ❤️ for more!

✅ Top Data Analytics Interview Questions & Answers 📊💡

📍 1. What is Data Analytics?
Answer: The process of examining raw data to find trends, patterns, and insights to support decision-making.

📍 2. What is the difference between Descriptive, Predictive, and Prescriptive Analytics?
Answer:
⦁ Descriptive: Summarizes historical data.
⦁ Predictive: Uses data to forecast future outcomes.
⦁ Prescriptive: Provides recommendations for actions.

📍 3. How do you handle missing data?
Answer: Techniques include deletion, mean/median imputation, or using models to estimate missing values.

📍 4. What is a SQL JOIN? Name different types.
Answer: Combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column. Types: INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN.

📍 5. How do you find duplicate records in a dataset using SQL?
Answer: Use GROUP BY with HAVING COUNT(*) > 1 on the relevant columns.

📍 6. What is a pivot table and why is it used?
Answer: A tool to summarize, aggregate, and analyze data dynamically.

📍 7. Can you explain basic statistical terms such as mean, median, and mode?
Answer: Mean is average, median is middle value when sorted, and mode is the most frequent value.

📍 8. What is correlation and how is it different from causation?
Answer: Correlation measures relationship strength between variables, causation implies one causes the other.

📍 9. What visualization tools are you familiar with?
Answer: Examples include Tableau, Power BI, Looker, or Matplotlib.

📍 🔟 How do you communicate findings to non-technical stakeholders?
Answer: Use clear visuals, avoid jargon, focus on actionable insights.

💡 Pro Tip: Show strong problem-solving skills, clarity in explanation, and how your analysis impacts business decisions.

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🧠 How much 𝗦𝗤𝗟 is enough to crack a 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄?

📌 𝗕𝗮𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗤𝘂𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀
- SELECT, FROM, WHERE, ORDER BY, LIMIT
- Filtering, sorting, and simple conditions

🔍 𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘀 & 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
- INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL JOIN
- Using keys to combine data from multiple tables

📊 𝗔𝗴𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗴𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
- COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX()
- GROUP BY and HAVING for grouped analysis

🧮 𝗦𝘂𝗯𝗤𝘂𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 & 𝗖𝗧𝗘𝘀
- SELECT within SELECT
- WITH statements for better readability

📌 𝗦𝗲𝘁 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
- UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT
- Merging and comparing result sets

📅 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗲 & 𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗲 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
- NOW(), CURDATE(), DATEDIFF(), DATE_ADD()
- Formatting & filtering date columns

🧩 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴
- TRIM(), UPPER(), LOWER(), REPLACE()
- Handling NULLs & duplicates

📈 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗧𝗮𝘀𝗸𝘀
- Sales by region
- Weekly/monthly trend tracking
- Customer churn queries
- Product category comparisons

✅ Must-Have Strengths:
- Writing clear, efficient queries
- Understanding data schemas
- Explaining logic behind joins/filters
- Drawing business insights from raw data

SQL Resources: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v

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Most Asked SQL Interview Questions at MAANG Companies🔥🔥

Preparing for an SQL Interview at MAANG Companies? Here are some crucial SQL Questions you should be ready to tackle:

1. How do you retrieve all columns from a table?

SELECT * FROM table_name;

2. What SQL statement is used to filter records?

SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

The WHERE clause is used to filter records based on a specified condition.

3. How can you join multiple tables? Describe different types of JOINs.

SELECT columns
FROM table1
JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column
JOIN table3 ON table2.column = table3.column;

Types of JOINs:

1. INNER JOIN: Returns records with matching values in both tables

SELECT * FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

2. LEFT JOIN: Returns all records from the left table & matched records from the right table. Unmatched records will have NULL values.

SELECT * FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

3. RIGHT JOIN: Returns all records from the right table & matched records from the left table. Unmatched records will have NULL values.

SELECT * FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

4. FULL JOIN: Returns records when there is a match in either left or right table. Unmatched records will have NULL values.

SELECT * FROM table1
FULL JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

4. What is the difference between WHERE & HAVING clauses?

WHERE: Filters records before any groupings are made.

SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

HAVING: Filters records after groupings are made.

SELECT column, COUNT(*)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column
HAVING COUNT(*) > value;

5. How do you calculate average, sum, minimum & maximum values in a column?

Average: SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;

Sum: SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;

Minimum: SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;

Maximum: SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;

Here you can find essential SQL Interview Resources👇
https://t.iss.one/mysqldata

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✅ Top 50 Data Analytics Interview Questions – Part 1 📊🔥

1️⃣ What is the difference between Data Analysis and Data Analytics?
Data Analysis focuses on inspecting, cleaning, and summarizing data to extract insights.
Data Analytics is broader—it includes data collection, transformation, modeling, and using algorithms to support decision-making.

2️⃣ Explain your data cleaning process.
⦁ Identify and handle missing values (impute or remove)
⦁ Remove duplicate records
⦁ Correct inconsistent data entries
⦁ Standardize data formats (e.g., date/time)
⦁ Validate data types and ranges
⦁ Ensure data integrity and quality

3️⃣ How do you handle missing or duplicate data?
⦁ Missing Data: Use methods like mean/median imputation, predictive modeling, or drop the records.
⦁ Duplicates: Identify using unique identifiers, and either remove or retain the most relevant version based on business logic.

4️⃣ What is a primary key in a database?
A primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a table. It ensures that no two rows have the same value in that column and helps maintain data integrity.

5️⃣ SQL query to find the 2nd highest salary from a table employees:

SELECT MAX(salary)  
FROM employees  
WHERE salary < (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees);

6️⃣ What is the difference between INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN?
⦁ INNER JOIN: Returns only matching rows from both tables.
⦁ LEFT JOIN: Returns all rows from the left table, and matching rows from the right (NULLs if no match).

7️⃣ What are outliers? How do you detect and handle them?
Outliers are values that deviate significantly from the rest of the data.
Detection Methods:
⦁ IQR (Interquartile Range)
⦁ Z-score
Handling Methods:
⦁ Remove outliers
⦁ Cap values
⦁ Use transformation (e.g., log scale)

8️⃣ What is a Pivot Table?
A pivot table is a data summarization tool that allows quick grouping, aggregation, and analysis of data in spreadsheets or BI tools. It's useful for analyzing patterns and trends.

9️⃣ How do you validate a data model?
⦁ Split data into training and testing sets
⦁ Use cross-validation (e.g., k-fold)
⦁ Evaluate metrics like Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-Score, RMSE, etc.

🔟 What is Hypothesis Testing? Difference between t-test and z-test?
Hypothesis testing is a statistical method to test assumptions about a population.
⦁ T-test: Used when sample size is small and population variance is unknown.
⦁ Z-test: Used when sample size is large or population variance is known.

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✅ Top 50 Data Analytics Interview Questions – Part 2 📊🔥

1️⃣1️⃣ Explain different types of data: structured, semi-structured, unstructured.
⦁ Structured: Organized in rows and columns (e.g., SQL tables).
⦁ Semi-structured: Some structure, but not in tabular form (e.g., JSON, XML).
⦁ Unstructured: No predefined structure (e.g., images, videos, text files).

1️⃣2️⃣ What is Data Normalization?
Data normalization reduces data redundancy and improves integrity by organizing fields and tables. It typically involves breaking large tables into smaller ones and defining relationships.

1️⃣3️⃣ Explain EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis).
EDA is used to understand the structure and patterns in data using:
⦁ Descriptive stats (mean, median)
⦁ Visualizations (histograms, boxplots)
⦁ Correlation analysis
It helps to form hypotheses and detect anomalies.

1️⃣4️⃣ What is the difference between Supervised and Unsupervised Learning?
⦁ Supervised: Labeled data used (e.g., regression, classification).
⦁ Unsupervised: No labels; find patterns (e.g., clustering, PCA).

1️⃣5️⃣ What is Overfitting and Underfitting?
⦁ Overfitting: Model performs well on training but poorly on test data.
⦁ Underfitting: Model fails to capture patterns in training data.

1️⃣6️⃣ What are Confusion Matrix and its metrics?
A matrix showing predicted vs actual results:
⦁ TP, TN, FP, FN
Metrics: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-Score

1️⃣7️⃣ Difference between Regression and Classification?
⦁ Regression: Predicts continuous values (e.g., price).
⦁ Classification: Predicts categories (e.g., spam/ham).

1️⃣8️⃣ What is Feature Engineering?
Process of creating new features or transforming existing ones to improve model performance.

1️⃣9️⃣ What is A/B Testing?
A/B Testing compares two versions (A & B) to see which performs better using statistical analysis.

2️⃣0️⃣ Explain ROC and AUC.
⦁ ROC Curve: Plots TPR vs FPR.
⦁ AUC: Area under ROC, measures model’s ability to distinguish between classes.

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