s meant for straightforward use, this may be a significant deterrent.

### You Have A Small Team

A small development and operations team means that only a few people are responsible for the maintenance of the entire application.

In a monolithic application, services are part of the same unit and their interactions are very direct and straightforward. They can also be optimized for specific requests, and, for a small team with prior code familiarity, maintenance can be relatively simple.

With a microservices architecture, the application’s communication is protocol-based which requires even more coding to implement minor changes. This results in more time and resources being used to make the desired changes, putting considerable strain on a small team.

### Small Application Size

While breaking larger applications into several modules can do wonders for your efficiency, you need to ask a question: is your application really that big?

Some applications, such as your inventory module or accounts payable module, are already concise enough to be able to work in an optimized manner – not requiring additional component creation through microservices refactoring.

In such cases, transitioning into a microservices model would only add to your complexity as opposed to reducing it.

### You Don’t Want To Invest

Many developers use a monolith style when in the initial stages of development or when they are developing a minimum viable product (MVP).

As a non-complex, easy-to-setup architecture style, it allows users to quickly build a product without having to invest in a complex, segmented microservices architecture.

## When To Use Microservices Architecture Design

Here are the possible cases where opting for a microservices style of software development can prove valuable:

### You Require Scalability And Reliability

For organizations that are dealing with huge application packages that expand across different departments and offices, a microservice design is a perfect option.

For instance, its inherent cloud scalability option and the ability to make swift changes make it a good fit for clients who have a high preference for reliable user experience.

### You Are Dealing With A Complex Application

A complex application represents the best possible use-case for a microservice approach that is founded on reducing the complications involved in the process.

Splitting the entire system into separate functionalities not only divides responsibilities, but also allows for easier data management across individual services.

### You Require Better Organization

Since each microservice has a very specific job, it allows for better organization. Additionally, by enabling parallel development, microservices architecture can make it harder to make mistakes.

In effect, microservices develop a boundary around every individual service. In turn, this reduces the possibility of common mistakes, such as connecting system parts that should not be put together.

## What Should Modern Cloud-Native Applications Look Like

Cloud-native applications are the future; there are no two ways about it.

Consider this: the worldwide cloud services market is valued at [$214.3 billion](https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2019-04-02-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-public-cloud-revenue-to-g), up by 17.5% in 2019 alone. Organizations are quickly transferring their workloads and application suites online, and as such, there are several features they require.

With newer research and development taking place on the daily, here are some characteristics of what a modern cloud-native application should consist of:

### It Should Be ‘Dockerized’

Docker is an open-source software platform used to create, manage, and deploy application containers in an operating system.

Allowing a higher degree of portability, Dockers has become extremely popular due to its efficient application development, low use of system resources, and quicker deployment time compared to virtual machines.

### Utilize A ‘Designed For Failure’ Approach

System failures are inevi

Good summary of the last 15 of cloud computing

[video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pBuwKwaHp0)

https://redd.it/ec0z7g
@r_devops

Ubuntu 20.04 template from Packer in vSphere - not reading user-data file?

I am attempting to use Packer to generate some ubuntu server templates for use with terraform. I'm not sure what I'm doing wrong, but every time the image creation starts the VM just ends up at the language selection screen with nothing happening until eventually packer aborts on an ssh timeout.

From what I can tell it's not processing the user-data file whatsoever, and I have checked to make sure that Packer is serving it up properly on its http server. What logs on the template VM would record this process?

Packer file:

{
"builders": [
{
"CPUs": 2,
"RAM": 2048,
"boot_command": [
"<enter><enter><f6><esc><wait> ",
"autoinstall ds=nocloud-net;s=http://{{ .HTTPIP }}:{{ .HTTPPort }}/",
"<enter>"
],
"boot_wait": "3s",
"cluster": "{{ user `vcenter_cluster` }}",
"convert_to_template": false,
"datacenter": "{{ user `vcenter_dc` }}",
"datastore": "{{ user `vcenter_datastore` }}",
"folder": "Templates",
"disk_controller_type": "pvscsi",
"guest_os_type": "ubuntu64Guest",
"http_directory": "./http",
"insecure_connection": "{{ user `vcenter_ignore_ssl` }}",
"iso_checksum": "sha256:73b8d860e421000a6e35fdefbb0ec859b9385b0974cf8089f5d70a87de72f6b9",
"iso_urls": [
"http://cl.releases.ubuntu.com/bionic/ubuntu-18.04.4-live-server-amd64.iso"
],
"name": "{{ user `vm_name` }}",
"network_adapters": [
{
"network": "{{ user `vcenter_network` }}",
"network_card": "vmxnet3"
}
],
"password": "{{ user `vcenter_password` }}",
"shutdown_command": "shutdown -P now",
"ssh_password": "ubuntu",
"ssh_handshake_attempts": "20",
"ssh_pty": true,
"ssh_timeout": "1000s",
"ssh_port": 22,
"ssh_username": "ubuntu",
"storage": [
{
"disk_size": 8192,
"disk_thin_provisioned": false
}
],
"type": "vsphere-iso",
"username": "{{ user `vcenter_user` }}",
"vcenter_server": "{{ user `vcenter_address` }}",
"vm_name": "{{ user `vm_name` }}"
}
],
"post-processors": [],
"provisioners": [
{
"execute_command": "echo 'ubuntu' | {{.Vars}} sudo -S -E bash '{{.Path}}'",
"script": "scripts/setup_ubuntu2004.sh",
"type": "shell"
}

user-data file for the cloud config portion:

#cloud-config
autoinstall:
version: 1
locale: en_US
network:
network:
version: 2
ethernets:
ens33:
dhcp4: true
dhcp-identifier: mac
storage:
layout:
name: lvm
identity:
hostname: ubuntu-server
username: ubuntu
password: $6$rounds=4096$8dkK1P/oE$2DGKKt0wLlTVJ7USY.0jN9du8FetmEr51yjPyeiR.zKE3DGFcitNL/nF1l62BLJNR87lQZixObuXYny.Mf17K1
ssh:
install-server: yes
allow-pw: yes
user-data:
disable_root: false
late-commands:
- 'sed -i "s/dhcp4: true/&\n dhcp-identifier: mac/" /target/etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml'
- echo 'ubuntu ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' > /target/etc/sudoers.d/ubuntu

https://redd.it/hiuvf5
@r_devops

SaaS — Smokeping as a Service Tech Talk

Tech Talk I wrote and delivered about converting a legacy linux cluster service (smokeping) into a modern CI/CD bootstrapped, intuitive cloud app. I talk business drivers, linux tech, and devops automation. #Cloud #automation #linux

https://medium.com/faun/saas-smokeping-as-a-service-tech-talk-be2078861c2c

https://redd.it/lfflna
@r_devops

Integrating github Actions with gopaddle for a seamless CI/CD on Kubernetes

Continuous Integration (CI) and Rolling Update to a kubernetes service can be achieved seamlessly when using gopaddle Deck and Propeller together. However, in some scenarios, you may choose to use a different tool/platform in place of Deck to build the docker images and use Propeller deploying and managing the applications. For example, you may choose to use github Actions and then integrate with Propeller for rolling updates. Read more to know how to use github actions with gopaddle for a seamless CI/CD on kubernetes. #kubernetes #docker #github #devops #cloud #azure #microservices https://blog.gopaddle.io/2021/02/18/integrating-github-actions-with-gopaddle-for-a-seamless-ci-cd-on-kubernetes/

https://redd.it/lmsa7t
@r_devops

GCP vs AWS

You all might get a kick out of this.


Link

https://redd.it/p3wbx4
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How to balance ECS Fargate with ALB

Short explainer on providing L7 load balancing to serverless ECS tasks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YH8y-oKIpIY&lc=Ugyz6Q9hgcPemQ82xRt4AaABAg

https://redd.it/px0kdy
@r_devops

is it possible to use placeholder variables in a cloud-init file which are then replaced by environment variable for customizing Ubuntu 20.04 Vagrant Box?

I am trying to learn vagrant with its cloud-init experimental feature. I can customize an Ubuntu 20.04 box by passing information like hostname and users using `user-data` file with the `#cloud-config` type. I am curious can I pass such information using `${HOST}` and `${CUSTOM_USER}` into such `cloud-init` files to provision a dynamically created vagrant box?

So far I have tried doing it but the vagrant box does not provide substitution, instead of passing the value via environment variables, literally ${CUSTOM_USER} gets created in `/etc/passwd` file of the vagrant image.

Help would be appreciated here since `cloud-init` beyond the standard examples doesn't have a lot of tutorials

https://redd.it/tikw2o
@r_devops

Deploy ASP .NET 6 MVC Web App on Google Cloud Run using Cloud Build

Learn how to Deploy ASP .NET 6 MVC Web App on Google Cloud Run using Cloud Build

In this tutorial, we will see a methodical way to implement (CD) Continuous Deployment of an ASP .NET 6 MVC Web App on Google Cloud Run with the help of Google Cloud Build Trigger.

By the end of this tutorial, you will be able to have a full understanding of enabling Continuous Delivery of ASP .NET 6 applications to Cloud Run via Cloud Build.

This tutorial covers in-depth concepts of working with Cloud Build triggers, Cloud Run features such as Logs, Revisions, SLOs etc.

The tutorial also helps you understand how to troubleshoot the Continuous Deployments on Cloud Run.

https://youtu.be/5M9yzZOJXaQ

#cloud #google #aspnetcore #postgresql #cloudstorage #cloudarchitect #devops #cicd #cloudbuild #googlecloudplatform

https://redd.it/yd2zip
@r_devops

cloud-init and nodata source

If I understand cloud-init docs correctly, it is possible to store user-data configuration as part of a VM under /var/lib/cloud/seed/nocloud

tree /var/lib/cloud/seed/nocloud
| user-data
| meta-data

My user-data file looks like this:

#cloud-config
runcmd:
- echo "hello baked in config"

Now my issue is, the runcmd never executes even though cloud-init picks it up correctly,

util.pyDEBUG: Read 408 bytes from /var/lib/cloud/seed/nocloud/user-data

Also, runcmd module is configured properly:

cat /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg
...
cloudconfigmodules:
- runcmd

I also have additional CIDATA volume attached to the VM to provide user-data. But the runcmd in it executes just fine.

Any idea why cloud-init is not running runcmd in /var/lib/seed/nocloud/user-data?

https://redd.it/zjfx8k
@r_devops

"sudo sync"
]
}

# Provisioning the VM Template for Cloud-Init Integration in Proxmox #2
provisioner "file" {
source = "files/99-pve.cfg"
destination = "/tmp/99-pve.cfg"
}

# Provisioning the VM Template for Cloud-Init Integration in Proxmox #3
provisioner "shell" {
inline = [ "sudo cp /tmp/99-pve.cfg /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/99-pve.cfg" ]
}
}

user-data

#cloud-config
autoinstall:
version: 1
locale: en_US
keyboard:
layout: de
ssh:
install-server: true
allow-pw: true
disable_root: true
ssh_quiet_keygen: true
allow_public_ssh_keys: true
identity:
hostname: packer-ubuntu-20
password: "$6$qiEN6LwtNwuOZoim$8nvdVicI/.oDb5W4ynnyhToYKegBUGDEWgomK6kymT6xalkuQaoqHhAY4xcurVQ50wDEBhF.OzHUKkm4NvoNe/"
username: packer
realname: packer
packages:
- qemu-guest-agent
- sudo
storage:
layout:
name: direct
swap:
size: 0

https://redd.it/1189igt
@r_devops

Moving away from base64 in yaml

We have this current code in a yserdata.yml file and it works. It's read when we do "terraform plan/apply".

#cloud-config
---
users:
- default

write_files:
- path: /usr/local/bin/load_envvars.sh
owner: root:root
permissions: "755"
encoding: b64
content: |
IyEvYmluL2Jhc2gKCmVjaG8gIkxvYWRpbmcgdmFyaWFibGVzIgpzb3VyY2UgL2V0Y
y92YXJpYWJsZXMvY2xvdWRfY29uZmlnLnNoCgo=


I'd like to change it to the code shown below because the encoding to base64 is now becoming a pain to all of us. I'd like to test it locally first on my computer but I am not sure what tool to use or what to install. I'm on mac. I was thinking of generating load\_envvars.sh file from the yaml using some local tools as a proof of concept.

Unfortunately, our project that needs it is only configured in production. That means, if I make some git commits in the project using the code below, I might screw it up. Of course, that unix shell script is just an example. I don't know if my idea below is valid and if it will work.

#cloud-config
---
write_files:
- path: /usr/local/bin/load_envvars.sh
owner: root:root
permissions: "755"
content: |
#!/bin/bash

echo "Loading variables"
source /etc/variables/load_config.sh

https://redd.it/1cop2xr
@r_devops

network config Packer qemu Ubuntu 22.04

Hi guys,

I want make ubuntu 22.04 image by packer and I want setup network by user-data in http folder I use this user-data file, but after made image by Packer, Ubuntu VM has not an IP.
where I make mistake
```
#cloud-config

autoinstall:

version: 1

locale: en_US

keyboard:

layout: us

ssh:

install-server: true

allow-pw: true

packages:

- qemu-guest-agent

user-data:

preserve_hostname: false

hostname: packerubuntu

package_upgrade: true

timezone: Europe/Berlin

chpasswd:

expire: true

list:

- user1:packerubuntu

users:

- name: admin

passwd: $6$xyz$74AlwKA3Z5n2L6ujMzm/zQXHCluA4SRc2mBfO2/O5uUc2yM2n2tnbBMi/IVRLJuKwfjrLZjAT7agVfiK7arSy/

groups: [adm, cdrom, dip, plugdev, lxd, sudo\]

lock-passwd: false

sudo: ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL

shell: /bin/bash

- name: user1

plain_text_passwd: packerubuntu

lock-passwd: false

shell: /bin/bash



network:

network:

ethernets:

ens3:

critical: true

dhcp-identifier: mac

dhcp4: true

dhcp6: false

```

https://redd.it/1dspjyo
@r_devops

Pull request testing on Kubernetes: vCluster for isolation and costs control

This week’s post is the third and final in my series about running tests on Kubernetes for each pull request. In the first post, I described the app and how to test locally using Testcontainers and in a GitHub workflow. The second post focused on setting up the target environment and running end-to-end tests on Kubernetes.

I concluded the latter by mentioning a significant quandary. Creating a dedicated cluster for each workflow significantly impacts the time it takes to run. On GKE, it took between 5 and 7 minutes to spin off a new cluster. If you create a GKE instance upstream, you face two issues:

Since the instance is always up, it raises costs. While they are reasonable, they may become a decision factor if you are already struggling. In any case, we can leverage the built-in Cloud autoscaler. Also, note that the costs mainly come from the workloads; the control plane costs are marginal.
Worse, some changes affect the whole cluster, e.g., CRD version changes. CRDs are cluster-wide resources. In this case, we need a dedicated cluster to avoid incompatible changes. From an engineering point of view, it requires identifying which PR can run on a shared cluster and which one needs a dedicated one. Such complexity hinders the delivery speed.

In this post, I’ll show how to benefit from the best of both worlds with vCluster: a single cluster with testing from each PR in complete isolation from others.

Read more...

https://redd.it/1iwhrz2
@r_devops

Connecting to Cloud SQL From Cloud Run without a VPC (GCP)

According to this post that was recently sent to me, its not necessary to create a VPC and doing so would create a network detour effect, as traffic would go out of a GCP managed VPC to your own VPC and back to their VPC. I'm wondering what everyone's thoughts are on this sort of network architecture--i.e. enabling peering to make this connection happen. As it stands, it seems like I wouldn't be able to use IAM auth with this method and would need dedicated postgres credentials for my cloud run jobs. One, is this a valid method of making this connection happen? And two, should I actually be using dedicated credentials (instead of IAM tokens) in production? Lastly, any reason to do all this instead of just use a Cloud SQL Connector? In my case, regarding the connector--there is no support for psycopg yet as a database adapter, but that is soon changing. In the meantime, I'd have to use asyncpg if I wanted to use a connector.

https://redd.it/1mbngxm
@r_devops

StackGen acquires Opsverse

# OpsVerse is now StackGen. Bringing AI-Powered DevOps Intelligence to The Future of Infrastructure Management.

Read the story behind the the acquisition by StackGen CEO Sachin Aggarwal - https://www.linkedin.com/posts/sachinyaggarwal\_stackgen-opsverse-cloud-activity-7363932884505645056-MnEl?utm\_source=share&utm\_medium=member\_desktop&rcm=ACoAAB6IM1MBJXXZ9cjwpEgIwqXvHYUTthysvQY

https://redd.it/1mw7tgr
@r_devops