lst = [1, 2, 3]
lst2 = lst
lst = []
print(lst2)  # [1, 2, 3]

SELECT *
FROM table
LIMIT 1001, 100;

SELECT *
FROM table
WHERE id > $last_seen_id
ORDER BY id ASC
LIMIT 100;

import math
from multiprocessing import Pool

# Генерируем список входных данных
inputs = [i ** 2 for i in range(100, 130)]

# Функция для вычислений
def f(x):
    return len(str(math.factorial(x)))

# Последовательное выполнение
%timeit [f(x) for x in inputs]
# Результат: ~1.44 сек

# Параллельное выполнение
p = Pool(4)  # Создаем пул из 4 процессов
%timeit p.map(f, inputs)
# Результат: ~451 мс

from multiprocessing import Pool
from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool
import requests

def download_wiki_article(article):
    url = 'https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/'
    return requests.get(url + article)

process_pool = Pool(3)
thread_pool = ThreadPool(3)

thread_pool.map(download_wiki_article, ['a', 'b', 'c'])
# ~376 ms

process_pool.map(download_wiki_article, ['a', 'b', 'c'])
# ~373 ms

[download_wiki_article(a) for a in ['a', 'b', 'c']]
# ~1.09 s

import math
from multiprocessing import Pool
from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool

def f(x):
    return len(str(math.factorial(x)))

process_pool = Pool(4)
thread_pool = ThreadPool(4)
inputs = [i ** 2 for i in range(100, 130)]

[f(x) for x in inputs]
# ~1.48 s

thread_pool.map(f, inputs)
# ~1.48 s

process_pool.map(f, inputs)
# ~478 ms

from random import randrange
from bisect import bisect_left

n = 1000000
look_for = 555555
lst = sorted(randrange(0, n) for _ in range(n))

%timeit look_for in lst
# 69.7 ms ± 449 µs на цикл

%timeit look_for == lst[bisect_left(lst, look_for)]
# 927 ns ± 2.28 ns на цикл

# Кодирование строки в файл
with open('example.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write('Привет, мир!')

# Чтение в байтовом режиме
with open('example.txt', 'rb') as f:
    data = f.read()
    print(data)  # Вывод: b'\xd0\x9f\xd1\x80\xd0\xb8...'

class A:
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.x = x

    def __hash__(self):
        return self.x

>>> hash(A(2))
2
>>> hash(A(1))
1
>>> hash(A(0))
0
>>> hash(A(-1))  # внимание!
-2
>>> hash(A(-2))
-2

>>> int("10")
10
>>> int("10", 2)
2
>>> def base2(x):
...     return int(x, 2)
...
>>> base2("10")
2

from functools import partial

base2 = partial(int, base=2)

>>> list(map(partial(int, base=2), ["1", "10", "100"]))
[1, 2, 4]

>>> list(map(lambda x: int(x, base=2), ["1", "10", "100"]))
[1, 2, 4]

>>> '{}'.format(42)
'42'
>>> '{1}'.format(1, 2)
'2'
>>> '{y}'.format(x=1, y=2)
'2'

>>> '{!r}'.format(datetime.now())
'datetime.datetime(2018, 5, 3, 23, 48, 49, 157037)'
>>> '{}'.format(datetime.now())
'2018-05-03 23:49:01.060852'

>>> '{:+,}'.format(1234567)
'+1,234,567'
>>> '{:>19}'.format(1234567)
'            1234567'

>>> format(5000000, '+,')
'+5,000,000'

from itertools import chain

print(list(chain(['a', 'b'], range(3), set('xyz'))))
# Вывод: ['a', 'b', 0, 1, 2, 'x', 'z', 'y']

from itertools import chain

def sum_of_odd(gen):
    try:
        first = next(gen)  # Пытаемся получить первый элемент
    except StopIteration:
        raise ValueError('Empty generator')  # Если генератор пуст, выбрасываем исключение

    # Используем chain для возврата первого элемента и объединения с остальными
    return sum(
        x for x in chain([first], gen)
        if x % 2 == 1  # Суммируем только нечетные числа
    )

print(sum_of_odd(x for x in range(1, 6)))  # Вывод: 9 (1 + 3 + 5)
print(sum_of_odd(x for x in range(2, 3)))  # Вывод: 0 (нет нечетных чисел)
print(sum_of_odd(x for x in range(2, 2)))  # ValueError: Empty generator

# Пример 1: Список содержит нечётное число
first_odd = None
for x in [2, 3, 4, 5]:
    if x % 2 == 1:  # Проверяем, является ли число нечётным
        first_odd = x
        break       # Прерываем цикл, так как элемент найден
else:
    raise ValueError('No odd elements in list')  # Выполнится, если цикл завершился без break

print(first_odd)  # Результат: 3

# Пример 2: Список не содержит нечётных чисел
for x in [2, 4, 6]:
    if x % 2 == 1:
        first_odd = x
        break
else:
    raise ValueError('No odd elements in list')  # Исключение будет поднято

# ValueError: No odd elements in list

class Pair:
    def __init__(self, left, right):
        self.left = left
        self.right = right
        
    def __repr__(self):
        class_name = type(self).__name__
        repr_left = repr(self.left)
        repr_right = repr(self.right)
        return f'{class_name}({repr_left}, {repr_right})'

In : p = Pair(1, 2)
In : p
Out: Pair(1, 2)
In : p.right = p
In : p
Out: [...]
RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object

@reprlib.recursive_repr()
def __repr__(self):
    class_name = type(self).__name__
    repr_left = repr(self.left)
    repr_right = repr(self.right)
    return f'{class_name}({repr_left}, {repr_right})'

In : p = Pair(1, 2)
In : p.right = p
In : p
Out: Pair(1, ...)

import os
import tempfile

with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as dir_path:
    open(os.path.join(dir_path, 'a'), 'w').close()
    open(os.path.join(dir_path, 'b'), 'w').close()
    open(os.path.join(dir_path, 'c'), 'w').close()

    assert files_of(dir_path) == ['a', 'b', 'c']

In : format(0.1, '.17f')
Out: '0.10000000000000001'

In : Decimal(1) / Decimal(3)
Out: Decimal('0.3333333333333333333333333333')

In [61]: Decimal(1) / Decimal(3) * Decimal(3) == Decimal(1)
Out[61]: False

In : Fraction(1) / Fraction(3) * Fraction(3) == Fraction(1)
Out: True

In : lion = 'Löwe'
In : lion.encode('utf-8')[2:]
Out: b'\xb6we'
In : lion.encode('utf-8')[2:].decode('utf-8')
...
UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xb6 in position 0: invalid start byte

0xxxxxxx
110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx

def cut_bytes(s, n):
    result = s.encode('utf-8')[n:]
    mask = int('11000000', 2)
    conbyte = int('10000000', 2)
    while result[0] and result[0] & mask == conbyte:
        result = result[1:]

    return result.decode('utf-8')

In : cut_bytes(lion, 2)
Out: 'we'
In : cut_bytes(lion, 1)
Out: 'öwe'

with open('f') as f:
    with open('g') as g:
        with open('h') as h:
            pass

o = open
with o('f') as f, o('g') as g, o('h') as h:
    pass

with nested(o('f'), o('g'), o('h')) as (f, g, h):
    pass

from contextlib import ExitStack

with ExitStack() as stack:
    f = stack.enter_context(o('f'))
    g = stack.enter_context(o('g'))
    other = [
        stack.enter_context(o(filename))
        for filename in filenames
    ]

async def coroutine():
    await another_coroutine()

async def another_coroutine():
    future = asyncio.Future()
    await future

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(coroutine())

class Awaitable:
    def __await__(self):
        future = asyncio.Future()
        yield future
            # RuntimeError: yield was used
            # instead of yield from in task

async def coroutine():
    await Awaitable()

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(coroutine())