Machine Learning
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Real Machine Learning โ€” simple, practical, and built on experience.
Learn step by step with clear explanations and working code.

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๐Ÿค– Calculating the Self-Attention mechanism in pure PyTorch.

The Attention Mechanism allows transformer neural networks to determine the connection between words in a text and dynamically focus on the most important context. We will step by step implement the basic algorithm Scaled Dot-Product Attention, using classic matrices of queries (Query), keys (Key) and values (Value). This will help us to visually see how the attention weights are mathematically calculated and how the model matches the tokens with each other. ๐Ÿง โœจ

To start, we will install the PyTorch library for performing tensor calculations. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ

pip install torch

The library has been successfully loaded and is ready for mathematical modeling of transformer layers. โœ…

We will generate random vectors Query, Key and Value to simulate the passage of tokens through linear projections. ๐ŸŽฒ

import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F

q = torch.randn(1, 3, 4) # (batch, seq_len, dim)
k = torch.randn(1, 3, 4)
v = torch.randn(1, 3, 4)

The tensors have been initialized and represent three hidden states for a sequence of three words. ๐Ÿ“

We will calculate the token similarity matrix through the scalar product and then scale it by the square root of the vector dimensions. ๐Ÿ”ข

scores = torch.bmm(q, k.transpose(1, 2)) / (q.shape[-1] ** 0.5)
attention_weights = F.softmax(scores, dim=-1)
output = torch.bmm(attention_weights, v)

The scalar product has been translated into probability weights, based on which the final contextual vector has been formed. ๐Ÿ”„

A control run of the output dimension calculation:

python3 -c "import torch; q, k = torch.randn(1, 3, 4), torch.randn(1, 3, 4); print('Attention OK') if torch.bmm(q, k.transpose(1, 2)).shape == (1, 3, 3) else print('Error')"

Expected output: Attention OK โœ…

The Self-Attention formula lies at the heart of all modern LLMs, allowing them to process long contexts in parallel, unlike old recurrent networks (RNNs). Understanding this base is critically important for working with transformers, optimizing architectures and configuring KV-cache mechanisms. ๐Ÿš€๐Ÿง 

#PyTorch #Transformer #DeepLearning #AI #MachineLearning #LLM

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Want any LLM to answer from your own documents?
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The guide Path to Senior Engineer Handbook has gathered resources for developers who want to advance to the level of Senior Engineer. ๐Ÿš€

Inside: ๐Ÿ“š

More than 50 newsletters on professional growth, system design, leadership, and web development. ๐Ÿ“ˆ

A selection of books on communication, technical writing, and building working relationships. ๐Ÿค

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A good starting point for those who want to improve not only their technical skills, but also their architectural thinking, communication, and leadership competencies. ๐Ÿ’ก

Link: https://github.com/jordan-cutler/path-to-senior-engineer-handbook?utm_source=opensourceprojects.dev&ref=opensourceprojects.dev

#SeniorEngineer #CareerGrowth #SoftwareEngineering #TechLeadership #SystemDesign #DevCommunity

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Classical machine learning equations and diagrams cheat sheet ๐Ÿ“Š

https://github.com/soulmachine/machine-learning-cheat-sheet

#MachineLearning #ML #DataScience #CheatSheet #AI #DeepLearning

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A free MIT guide to key computer vision concepts ๐Ÿ“˜

Link: https://visionbook.mit.edu/ ๐Ÿ”—

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๐Ÿš€ Level up your AI & Data Science skills with HelloEncyclo โ€” a growing all-in-one platform featuring hands-on courses in LLMs, Deep Learning, MLOps, Data Engineering, and more.
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My favorite way to work with multiple filters in pandas.Series โ€” not a chain of .loc, but a single mask. ๐Ÿผ

The chain looks neat, but breaks on real data and easily gives unexpected results:

s = pd.Series([10, 15, 20, 25, 30])
s.loc[s > 20].loc[s % 2 == 1]

The problem is that the second .loc again looks at the original s, not the already filtered result. The logic gets messy. ๐Ÿคฏ

It's more reliable to gather everything into one expression:

s = pd.Series([10, 15, 20, 25, 30])

mask = (s > 20) & (s % 2 == 1)
result = s.loc[mask]

One mask, one point of truth. โœ…

It's easier to debug. Fewer surprises when the code grows. ๐Ÿš€

#Pandas #Python #DataScience #CodingTips #DataEngineering #Debugging

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๐Ÿš€ Level up your AI & Data Science skills with HelloEncyclo โ€” a growing all-in-one platform featuring hands-on courses in LLMs, Deep Learning, MLOps, Data Engineering, and more.
โœ… 13 courses live + 40+ coming soon
๐ŸŽฏ One access, lifetime updates
๐Ÿ”‘ Use code: PRESALE-BOOK-WAVE-2GFG
๐Ÿ‘‰ https://helloencyclo.com/?ref=HUSSEINSHEIKHO
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Multi-agent RL is beautiful precisely at the moment when it starts to converge. ๐Ÿค–โœจ

#MultiAgent #RL #ReinforcementLearning #AI #MachineLearning #DeepLearning

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๐Ÿš€ Level up your AI & Data Science skills with HelloEncyclo โ€” a growing all-in-one platform featuring hands-on courses in LLMs, Deep Learning, MLOps, Data Engineering, and more.
โœ… 13 courses live + 40+ coming soon
๐ŸŽฏ One access, lifetime updates
๐Ÿ”‘ Use code: PRESALE-BOOK-WAVE-2GFG
๐Ÿ‘‰ https://helloencyclo.com/?ref=HUSSEINSHEIKHO
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PANDAS โ€” CHEAT SHEET
1. DATA LOADING
Method          | What it does       
----------------+--------------------
pd.read_csv() | Reads CSV file
pd.read_excel() | Reads Excel file
pd.read_sql() | Reads data from SQL
pd.read_json() | Reads JSON file

2. DATA ANALYSIS
Method        | What it does              
--------------+---------------------------
df.head() | Shows first rows
df.info() | Table information
df.describe() | Statistics by columns
df.shape | Table size (rows, columns)
df.columns | List of column names

3. DATA SELECTION
Method     | What it does                     
-----------+----------------------------------
df.loc[] | Selection by row and column names
df.iloc[] | Selection by indices
df.query() | Filtering by condition

4. DATA CLEANING
Method               | What it does                   
---------------------+--------------------------------
df.isnull() | Check for missing values (NULL)
df.dropna() | Remove rows with missing values
df.fillna() | Fill missing values
df.drop_duplicates() | Remove duplicates
df.astype() | Change data type

5. ANALYTICS
Method            | What it does               
------------------+----------------------------
df.groupby() | Data grouping
df.agg() | Aggregation in groups
df.value_counts() | Count of unique values
df.mean() | Mean value
df.median() | Median
df.corr() | Correlation between columns

6. DATA MERGING
Method      | What it does        
------------+---------------------
pd.merge() | SQL JOIN by column
pd.join() | JOIN by index
pd.concat() | Glue tables together

โญ TOP 10 METHODS

read_csv() head() info() loc[] iloc[] query() groupby() merge() fillna() sort_values()
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500 AI/ML/Computer Vision/NLP projects with code ๐Ÿš€

This is a large collection of 500 ready-made projects in the field of machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, and NLP ๐Ÿง 

All examples come with code, so you can not just read them, but immediately analyze and run them โš™๏ธ

โžก๏ธ Link to GitHub:
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#AI #MachineLearning #DeepLearning #ComputerVision #NLP #DataScience

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A guide to Loop Engineering has been released โ€” a new approach to working with AI agents

The repository loop-engineering has been published, offering a paradigm shift: instead of manually prompting AI agents, the developer designs a cycle that does this automatically. ๐Ÿ”„๐Ÿค–

The author notes that most people still use Claude Code, Codex, Cursor, and Grok as a regular chat: prompt โ†’ wait โ†’ copy โ†’ correct โ†’ prompt again. Loop Engineering proposes to stop being a "nanny" for the agent and instead build a system where agents work, check, correct, and escalate on their own. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธโš™๏ธ

The repository includes ready-made cycles for daily triage, PR, CI, dependencies, changelog, and issues. It includes CLI for creating cycles, evaluating tokens, auditing the repository, and safely running agents via GitHub Actions. ๐Ÿ“‹โœ…

"Prompt engineering was about how to write better prompts. Loop engineering is about creating a system where agents continue to work without your supervision at every step," the description says. ๐Ÿš€๐Ÿง 

The repository is available on GitHub.

Repository: https://github.com/cobusgreyling/loop-engineering

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A Chinese developer has released an open-source replacement for NumPy that performs calculations on GPUs. It's called CuPy ๐Ÿš€. In many cases, it's enough to replace a single line:

import cupy as cp

The same code can run on CUDA up to 100 times faster โšก๏ธ.

What it can do:
โ†’ Compatible with existing NumPy and SciPy code ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ.
โ†’ No need to rewrite the program or learn new syntax ๐Ÿ“.
โ†’ Supports not only CUDA but also AMD ROCm ๐Ÿ’ป.

The project is completely open-source ๐Ÿ“‚:
๐Ÿ”— https://github.com/cupy/cupy

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Don't learn ML by randomly jumping through tutorials. ๐Ÿšซ๐Ÿ“š

DS-ML Bootcamp is a public repository for a Data Science and machine learning course for beginners who want a structured path from zero to practical projects. ๐Ÿš€๐Ÿ“Š

It helps transition from installation and concepts to practical ML work, organizing lessons, assignments, code examples, datasets, and solutions around the main machine learning workflow. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ๐Ÿง 

Key features:

- End-to-end workflow - covers data collection, preprocessing, train/test split, model selection, training, evaluation, and deployment ๐Ÿ”„๐Ÿ“ˆ
- Lesson-based structure - starts with tools/setup, Data Science, ML, data fundamentals, and regression ๐Ÿ“š๐Ÿงฎ
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- Set up for repetition - the README says you can clone the repository and use Jupyter or VS Code while going through lessons ๐Ÿ’ป๐Ÿ”

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The math.perm() method

The math.perm() method in Python returns the number of ways to select k elements from n elements, with and without repetition. ๐Ÿงฎ

Syntax:
math.perm(n, k)

Where:
n: The number of elements from which k elements are selected.
k: The number of elements that are selected.

In the first example, the method returns the number of ways to select 3 elements from 5 elements. The result is 60 ways. ๐Ÿ“Š
In the second example, the method returns the number of ways to select 5 elements from 10 elements. The result is 252 ways. ๐Ÿš€

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