Before Mussolini named the thing and before Vichy took the state, France already had the synthesis: organic nationalism joined to an anti-materialist revision of Marxism. Charles Maurras, Maurice Barrès, and Georges Sorel spent the Third Republic attacking liberal democracy, the isolated self, and parliamentary reason. Later French leagues claimed them as native ancestors so that neither Rome nor Berlin would seem to have invented them.

https://fascio.substack.com/p/french-proto-fascism

From Hegel’s dialectic to Marx’s philosophy of praxis and Gentile’s Actualism — tracing how the dialectical tradition was transformed across idealism, Marxism, and Fascism, with Ugo Spirito and Diego Fusaro illuminating its later development.

https://fascio.substack.com/p/dialectics-hegel-marx-and-gentile