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==================================
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Top 30 Cyber Security Commands & Tools

#CyberSecurity #Reconnaissance #InfoGathering

#1. ping
Tests reachability of a host on an IP network and measures round-trip time.

ping -c 4 google.com

PING google.com (142.250.72.14) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from lhr48s23-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.72.14): icmp_seq=1 ttl=118 time=8.53 ms
...
--- google.com ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3005ms

#2. whois
Retrieves registration information for a domain name or IP address.

whois google.com

Domain Name: GOOGLE.COM
Registry Domain ID: 2138514_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.markmonitor.com
...
Registrant Organization: Google LLC
Registrant State/Province: CA
Registrant Country: US

#3. dig
(Domain Information Groper) A tool for querying DNS servers.

dig google.com

; <<>> DiG 9.18.1-1-Debian <<>> google.com
;; ANSWER SECTION:
google.com.  156 IN A 142.250.187.238
...
;; Query time: 12 msec
;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8)

#4. nmap
Network Mapper. A powerful tool for network discovery, port scanning, and security auditing.

nmap -sV -p 80,443 scanme.nmap.org

Starting Nmap 7.92 ( https://nmap.org ) at ...
Nmap scan report for scanme.nmap.org (45.33.32.156)
Host is up (0.16s latency).

PORT    STATE SERVICE  VERSION
80/tcp  open  http     Apache httpd 2.4.7 ((Ubuntu))
443/tcp open  ssl/http Apache httpd 2.4.7 ((Ubuntu))

#5. netcat (nc)
The "Swiss army knife" of networking. Can be used for port scanning, file transfer, and creating backdoors.

nc -zv scanme.nmap.org 80

Connection to scanme.nmap.org (45.33.32.156) 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded!

---
#CyberSecurity #Networking #Analysis

#6. netstat
Displays active network connections, routing tables, and interface statistics.

netstat -tulpn

Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address      Foreign Address    State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:5432     0.0.0.0:*          LISTEN      675/postgres
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22         0.0.0.0:*          LISTEN      789/sshd
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:68         0.0.0.0:*                      654/dhclient

#7. traceroute
Traces the network path (hops) to a remote host.

traceroute 8.8.8.8

traceroute to 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  gateway (192.168.1.1)  1.234 ms  1.567 ms  1.890 ms
 2  isp-router.net (10.0.0.1)  5.432 ms  5.678 ms  5.901 ms
 ...
10  142.251.52.221 (142.251.52.221)  10.112 ms  10.345 ms  10.578 ms
11  dns.google (8.8.8.8)  10.801 ms  10.923 ms  11.045 ms

#8. tcpdump
A powerful command-line packet analyzer that allows you to capture and display network traffic.

sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -c 5 port 80

tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes
14:30:01.123456 IP my-pc.54321 > example.com.80: Flags [S], seq 123456789, win 64240, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 10,ecr 0], length 0
... (4 more packets) ...
5 packets captured

#9. arp
Displays and modifies the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache, which maps IP addresses to MAC addresses.

arp -a

? (192.168.1.1) at 00:1a:2b:3c:4d:5e [ether] on eth0
? (192.168.1.105) at 98:76:54:32:10:fe [ether] on eth0

#10. ip
A modern tool to show and manipulate routing, devices, policy routing, and tunnels. (Replaces ifconfig).

ip addr show

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 ...
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 ...
    inet 192.168.1.100/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic eth0

---
#CyberSecurity #WebSecurity #Vulnerability

#11. curl
A tool to transfer data from or to a server, using various protocols. Essential for interacting with web APIs and inspecting HTTP headers.

curl -I https://example.com

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Encoding: gzip
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 10:00:00 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7F83)
Content-Length: 648

#12. gobuster
A fast tool used to brute-force URIs (directories and files), DNS subdomains, and virtual host names.

gobuster dir -u https://example.com -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt

===============================================================
Gobuster v3.5
===============================================================
[+] Url:                     https://example.com
[+] Threads:                 10
[+] Wordlist:                /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt
===============================================================
/index.html           (Status: 200) [Size: 1256]
/images               (Status: 301) [Size: 178] -> https://example.com/images/
/javascript           (Status: 301) [Size: 178] -> https://example.com/javascript/

#13. nikto
A web server scanner which performs comprehensive tests against web servers for multiple items, including over 6700 potentially dangerous files/CGIs.

nikto -h https://scanme.nmap.org

- Nikto v2.1.6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Target IP:          45.33.32.156
+ Target Hostname:    scanme.nmap.org
+ Target Port:        80
+ Start Time:         ...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Server: Apache/2.4.7 (Ubuntu)
+ The anti-clickjacking X-Frame-Options header is not present.
+ OSVDB-3233: /icons/README: Apache default file found.

#14. sqlmap
An open-source penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection flaws.

sqlmap -u "https://testphp.vulnweb.com/listproducts.php?cat=1" --dbs

...
available databases [2]:
[*] information_schema
[*] acuart

#15. whatweb
Identifies different web technologies including content management systems (CMS), blogging platforms, statistic/analytics packages, JavaScript libraries, web servers, and embedded devices.

whatweb scanme.nmap.org

https://scanme.nmap.org [200 OK] Apache[2.4.7], Country[UNITED STATES], HTTPServer[Ubuntu Linux][Apache/2.4.7 ((Ubuntu))], IP[45.33.32.156], Script, Title[Go ahead and ScanMe!], Ubuntu

---
#CyberSecurity #PasswordCracking #Exploitation

#16. John the Ripper (john)
A fast password cracker, currently available for many flavors of Unix, Windows, DOS, and OpenVMS.

# Assume 'hashes.txt' contains 'user:$apr1$A.B.C...$...'
john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hashes.txt

Using default input encoding: UTF-8
Loaded 1 password hash (md5crypt, 32/64 OpenSSL)
Press 'q' or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status
password123      (user)
1g 0:00:00:01 DONE (2023-10-27 10:15) 0.9803g/s 1234p/s 1234c/s
Session completed

#17. hashcat
An advanced password recovery utility that can crack a wide variety of hash types using multiple attack modes (dictionary, brute-force, mask).

# -m 0 = MD5 hash type
hashcat -m 0 -a 0 hashes.md5 /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

...
Session..........: hashcat
Status...........: Cracked
Hash.Name........: MD5
Hash.Target......: 5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99
Guess.Base.......: File (/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt)
...
Recovered........: 1/1 (100.00%) Digests

#18. hydra
A parallelized login cracker which supports numerous protocols to attack. It is very fast and flexible.

hydra -l user -P /path/to/passwords.txt ftp://192.168.1.101

Hydra v9.1 (c) 2020 by van Hauser/THC - Please do not use in military projects
...
[21][ftp] host: 192.168.1.101 login: user password: password
1 of 1 target successfully completed, 1 valid password found

#19. Metasploit Framework (msfconsole)
An exploitation framework for developing, testing, and executing exploit code against a remote target machine.

msfconsole

=[ metasploit v6.3.3-dev                          ]
+ -- --=[ 2289 exploits - 1184 auxiliary - 406 post       ]
+ -- --=[ 953 payloads - 45 encoders - 11 nops            ]
+ -- --=[ 9 evasion                                       ]

msf6 >

#20. searchsploit
A command-line search tool for Exploit-DB that also allows you to take a copy of exploits to your working directory.

searchsploit apache 2.4.7

-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
 Exploit Title                            |  Path
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
Apache 2.4.7 (Ubuntu) - 'mod_cgi' Bash Env | linux/remote/34900.py
Apache mod_authz_svn < 1.8.10 / < 1.7.18 - | multiple/remote/34101.txt
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

---
#CyberSecurity #Forensics #Utilities

#21. strings
Prints the sequences of printable characters in files. Useful for finding plaintext credentials or other information in binary files.

strings /bin/bash

/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
_ITM_deregisterTMCloneTable
__gmon_start__
...
echo
read
printf

#22. grep
Searches for patterns in each file. An indispensable tool for parsing log files and command output.

grep "Failed password" /var/log/auth.log

Oct 27 10:20:05 server sshd[1234]: Failed password for invalid user admin from 203.0.113.5 port 54321 ssh2
Oct 27 10:20:10 server sshd[1236]: Failed password for root from 203.0.113.5 port 12345 ssh2

#23. chmod
Changes the permissions of files and directories. Critical for hardening a system.

# Before
ls -l script.sh
-rwxrwxr-x 1 user user 50 Oct 27 10:25 script.sh

# Command
chmod 700 script.sh

# After
ls -l script.sh

-rwx------ 1 user user 50 Oct 27 10:25 script.sh

#24. xxd
Creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input. It can also convert a hex dump back to its original binary form.

echo -n "Hi" | xxd

00000000: 4869                                     Hi

#25. base64
Encodes and decodes data in Base64 format. Commonly used in web applications and email attachments.

echo -n "security" | base64

c2VjdXJpdHk=

---
#CyberSecurity #Crypto #Hashing

#26. openssl
A robust, commercial-grade, and full-featured toolkit for the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocols. Also a general-purpose cryptography library.

# Generate a self-signed certificate
openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout key.pem -out cert.pem -days 365 -nodes