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📚 Responsive Web Development (2024)

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CSS Basic Cheat Sheet

A comprehensive CSS Basic Cheat Sheet designed to simplify the learning process for beginners and serve as a quick reference guide for developers. This cheat sheet includes essential syntax, selectors, properties, and values, all organized in an easy-to-understand format. Whether you're styling text, adjusting layouts, or adding visual effects, this resource ensures that key concepts are always at your fingertips.

#CSS #WebDevelopment #CheatSheet #Coding #FrontEnd #HTML #CSSSelectors #BeginnerFriendly

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Topic: PHP Basics – Part 1 of 10: Introduction and Syntax

---

1. What is PHP?

• PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used, open-source server-side scripting language designed for web development.

• Embedded in HTML and used to create dynamic web pages, manage databases, handle forms, sessions, and more.

---

2. Why Use PHP?

• Easy to learn and integrates seamlessly with HTML.

• Works well with MySQL and popular servers like Apache or Nginx.

• Supported by major CMS platforms like WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla.

---

3. PHP Syntax Overview

• PHP code is written inside <?php ... ?> tags.

<?php
  echo "Hello, World!";
?>

• Every PHP statement ends with a semicolon (`;`).

---

4. Basic Output with `echo` and `print`

<?php
  echo "This is output using echo";
  print "This is output using print";
?>

• echo is slightly faster; print returns a value.

---

5. PHP Variables

• Variables start with a dollar sign (`$`) and are case-sensitive.

<?php
  $name = "Ali";
  $age = 25;
  echo "My name is $name and I am $age years old.";
?>

---

6. PHP Comments

// Single-line comment
# Also single-line comment
/* Multi-line
   comment */

---

7. Summary

• PHP is a server-side scripting language used to build dynamic web applications.

• Basic syntax includes echo, variables with $, and proper use of <?php ... ?> tags.

---

Exercise

• Write a simple PHP script that defines two variables ($name and $age) and prints a sentence using them.

---

#PHP #WebDevelopment #PHPTutorial #ServerSide #Backend

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Topic: PHP Basics – Part 5 of 10: Functions in PHP (User-Defined, Built-in, Parameters, Return)

---

1. What is a Function in PHP?

• A function is a block of code that performs a specific task and can be reused.

• PHP has many built-in functions, and you can also create your own user-defined functions.

---

2. Creating User-Defined Functions

function greet() {
    echo "Hello, welcome to PHP!";
}

greet(); // Call the function

• Function names are case-insensitive.

---

3. Functions with Parameters

• Functions can accept arguments (input values):

function greetUser($name) {
    echo "Hello, $name!";
}

greetUser("Ali"); // Output: Hello, Ali!

• You can pass multiple parameters:

function add($a, $b) {
    return $a + $b;
}

echo add(3, 5); // Output: 8

---

4. Default Parameter Values

• Parameters can have default values if not passed during the call:

function greetLanguage($name, $lang = "English") {
    echo "Hello $name, language: $lang";
}

greetLanguage("Sara"); // Output: Hello Sara, language: English

---

5. Returning Values from Functions

function square($num) {
    return $num * $num;
}

$result = square(6);
echo $result; // Output: 36

• Use the return statement to send a value back from the function.

---

6. Variable Scope in PHP

• Local Scope: Variable declared inside function – only accessible there.

• Global Scope: Variable declared outside – accessible inside with global.

$x = 5;

function showX() {
    global $x;
    echo $x;
}

showX(); // Output: 5

---

7. Anonymous Functions (Closures)

• Functions without a name – often used as callbacks.

$square = function($n) {
    return $n * $n;
};

echo $square(4); // Output: 16

---

8. Recursive Functions

• A function that calls itself.

function factorial($n) {
    if ($n <= 1) return 1;
    return $n * factorial($n - 1);
}

echo factorial(5); // Output: 120

---

9. Built-in PHP Functions (Examples)

• strlen($str) – Get string length
• strtoupper($str) – Convert to uppercase
• array_sum($arr) – Sum of array elements
• isset($var) – Check if variable is set
• empty($var) – Check if variable is empty

---

10. Summary

• Functions keep your code organized, reusable, and clean.

• Mastering parameters, return values, and scopes is key to effective programming.

---

Exercise

• Write a function that takes a name and age, and returns a sentence like:
"My name is Ali and I am 30 years old."

• Then, write a recursive function to compute the factorial of a number.

---

#PHP #Functions #PHPTutorial #WebDevelopment #Backend

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Topic: PHP Basics – Part 7 of 10: Working with Strings

---

1. Introduction to Strings in PHP

• A string is a sequence of characters used to store and manipulate text.

• Strings can be defined using single quotes (`'`) or double quotes (`"`):

$name = "Ali";
$message = 'Welcome to PHP!';

• Double quotes allow variable interpolation, single quotes do not.

---

2. Concatenating Strings

• Use the dot (.) operator to join strings.

$first = "Hello";
$second = "World";
echo $first . " " . $second; // Output: Hello World

---

3. Common String Functions in PHP

Here are essential functions to manipulate strings:

• strlen($str) – Returns the length of the string.

echo strlen("PHP"); // Output: 3

• strtoupper($str) – Converts all letters to uppercase.

• strtolower($str) – Converts all letters to lowercase.

• ucfirst($str) – Capitalizes the first letter.

• ucwords($str) – Capitalizes first letter of each word.

• strrev($str) – Reverses the string.

---

4. Searching Within Strings

• strpos($str, $search) – Finds the position of first occurrence of a substring.

echo strpos("Hello PHP", "PHP"); // Output: 6

• str_contains($str, $search) – Checks if substring exists (PHP 8+).

---

5. Extracting Substrings

• substr($str, $start, $length) – Extracts part of a string.

$text = "Welcome to PHP";
echo substr($text, 0, 7); // Output: Welcome

---

6. Replacing Text in Strings

• str_replace($search, $replace, $subject) – Replaces all occurrences.

echo str_replace("PHP", "Laravel", "Welcome to PHP"); // Output: Welcome to Laravel

---

7. Trimming and Cleaning Strings

• trim($str) – Removes whitespace from both ends.

• ltrim($str) – From the left side only.

• rtrim($str) – From the right side only.

---

8. String Comparison

• strcmp($str1, $str2) – Returns 0 if both strings are equal.

• strcasecmp($str1, $str2) – Case-insensitive comparison.

---

9. Escaping Characters

• Use backslash (\) to escape quotes:

echo "He said: \"Hello!\"";

---

10. Summary

• Strings are core to user interaction and text processing.

• PHP offers powerful built-in functions to manipulate strings efficiently.

---

Exercise

• Write a function that takes a user's full name and returns:

* The name in all caps
* The reversed name
* The first name only using substr() and strpos()

---

#PHP #Strings #PHPTutorial #StringFunctions #WebDevelopment

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Topic: PHP Basics – Part 10 of 10: Connecting PHP with MySQL Database (CRUD Operations)

---

1. Introduction

PHP works seamlessly with MySQL, one of the most popular open-source relational databases. In this lesson, we’ll learn how to:

• Connect to a MySQL database
• Perform basic CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete)

We’ll use the mysqli extension (object-oriented style) in this tutorial.

---

### 2. Setting Up the Database

Suppose we have a MySQL database named school with a table students:

CREATE DATABASE school;

USE school;

CREATE TABLE students (
  id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
  name VARCHAR(50),
  email VARCHAR(100),
  age INT
);

---

### 3. Connecting PHP to MySQL

<?php
$host = "localhost";
$user = "root";
$password = "";
$db = "school";

$conn = new mysqli($host, $user, $password, $db);

if ($conn->connect_error) {
  die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
echo "Connected successfully!";
?>

---

### 4. Create (INSERT)

<?php
$sql = "INSERT INTO students (name, email, age) VALUES ('Ali', '[email protected]', 22)";
if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {
  echo "New record created successfully.";
} else {
  echo "Error: " . $conn->error;
}
?>

---

### 5. Read (SELECT)

<?php
$sql = "SELECT * FROM students";
$result = $conn->query($sql);

if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
  while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
    echo "ID: " . $row["id"]. " | Name: " . $row["name"]. " | Email: " . $row["email"]. "<br>";
  }
} else {
  echo "0 results";
}
?>

---

### 6. Update (UPDATE)

<?php
$sql = "UPDATE students SET age = 23 WHERE name = 'Ali'";
if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {
  echo "Record updated successfully.";
} else {
  echo "Error updating record: " . $conn->error;
}
?>

---

### 7. Delete (DELETE)

<?php
$sql = "DELETE FROM students WHERE name = 'Ali'";
if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {
  echo "Record deleted successfully.";
} else {
  echo "Error deleting record: " . $conn->error;
}
?>

---

### 8. Prepared Statements (Best Practice for Security)

Prevent SQL injection by using prepared statements:

<?php
$stmt = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO students (name, email, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)");
$stmt->bind_param("ssi", $name, $email, $age);

$name = "Sara";
$email = "[email protected]";
$age = 20;

$stmt->execute();
echo "Data inserted securely.";
$stmt->close();
?>

---

### 9. Closing the Connection

$conn->close();

---

### 10. Summary

• PHP connects easily with MySQL using mysqli.

• Perform CRUD operations for full database interaction.

• Always use prepared statements for secure data handling.

---

### Exercise

1. Create a PHP page to add a student using a form.
2. Display all students in a table.
3. Add edit and delete buttons next to each student.
4. Implement all CRUD operations using mysqli.

---

#PHP #MySQL #CRUD #PHPTutorial #WebDevelopment #Database

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Topic: 33 Important PHP Questions for Beginners (with Answers)

---

1. What does PHP stand for?
Answer: PHP stands for *PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor*.

---

2. What is PHP used for?
Answer: PHP is used to create dynamic web pages and server-side applications.

---

3. How do you declare a variable in PHP?
Answer: Variables in PHP start with a $ sign, e.g., $name = "Ali";.

---

4. Is PHP case-sensitive?
Answer: Function names are not case-sensitive, but variables are.

---

5. What is the difference between `echo` and `print`?
Answer: Both output data. echo is faster and can output multiple strings, while print returns 1.

---

6. How do you write comments in PHP?
Answer:

// Single line  
# Another single line  
/* Multi-line */

---

7. How do you create a function in PHP?
Answer:

function greet() {
  echo "Hello!";
}

---

8. What are the different data types in PHP?
Answer: String, Integer, Float, Boolean, Array, Object, NULL, Resource.

---

9. How can you connect PHP to a MySQL database?
Answer: Using mysqli_connect() or new mysqli().

---

10. What is a session in PHP?
Answer: A session stores user data on the server across multiple pages.

---

11. How do you start a session?
Answer: session_start();

---

12. How do you set a cookie in PHP?
Answer: setcookie("name", "value", time()+3600);

---

13. How can you check if a variable is set?
Answer: isset($variable);

---

14. What is `$_POST` and `$_GET`?
Answer: Superglobals used to collect form data sent via POST or GET methods.

---

15. How do you include a file in PHP?
Answer:

include "file.php";  
require "file.php";

---

16. Difference between `include` and `require`?
Answer: require will cause a fatal error if the file is missing; include will only raise a warning.

---

17. How do you loop through an array?
Answer:

foreach ($array as $value) {
  echo $value;
}

---

18. How to define an associative array?
Answer:

$person = ["name" => "Ali", "age" => 25];

---

19. What are superglobals in PHP?
Answer: Predefined variables like $_GET, $_POST, $_SESSION, etc.

---

20. What is the use of `isset()` and `empty()`?
Answer:
• isset() checks if a variable is set and not null.
• empty() checks if a variable is empty.

---

21. How to check if a file exists?
Answer: file_exists("filename.txt");

---

22. How to upload a file in PHP?
Answer: Use $_FILES and move_uploaded_file().

---

23. What is a constructor in PHP?
Answer: A special method __construct() that runs when an object is created.

---

24. What is OOP in PHP?
Answer: Object-Oriented Programming using classes, objects, inheritance, etc.

---

25. What are magic constants in PHP?
Answer: Built-in constants like __LINE__, __FILE__, __DIR__.

---

26. How to handle errors in PHP?
Answer: Using try...catch, error_reporting(), and set_error_handler().

---

27. What is the difference between `==` and `===`?
Answer:
• == checks value only.
• === checks value and type.

---

28. How to redirect a user in PHP?
Answer:

header("Location: page.php");

---

29. How to sanitize user input?
Answer: Use htmlspecialchars(), strip_tags(), trim().

---

30. How do you close a MySQL connection?
Answer: $conn->close();

---

31. What is `explode()` in PHP?
Answer: Splits a string into an array using a delimiter.

explode(",", "one,two,three");

---

32. How do you hash passwords in PHP?
Answer:

password_hash("123456", PASSWORD_DEFAULT);

---

33. What version of PHP should you use?
Answer: Always use the latest stable version (e.g., PHP 8.2+) for performance and security.

---

#PHP #InterviewQuestions #Beginners #PHPTutorial #WebDevelopment

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## 🔹 Best Practices for Beginners
1. Use `const` by default, let when needed, avoid var
2. Always declare variables before use
3. Use strict equality (`===`) instead of ==
4. Name variables meaningfully (e.g., userAge not x)
5. Comment your code for complex logic

---

### 📌 What's Next?
In Part 2, we'll cover:
➡️ Conditionals (if/else, switch)
➡️ Loops (for, while)
➡️ Functions

#LearnJavaScript #CodingBasics #WebDevelopment 🚀

Practice Exercise:
1. Create variables for your name, age, and country
2. Calculate the area of a circle (PI * r²)
3. Try different type conversions