The Wessobrunn Prayer / Das Wessobrunner Gebet (800AD)

The Wessobrunn Prayer is one of the only extant example of Old High German alliterative verse, in which alliteration is the primary poetic feature. Notably it was intentionally preserved in a codex (book) of collected texts, including several Latin texts and German glosses. This is unusual: most Old High German text was written in the margins and endpapers of manuscripts because Latin was preferred for church writing as the more prestigious and official language. It is similar thematically and formally to the Old High German poem “Muspilli”. The codex has been dated to around 810 CE, and the prayer is written in Carolingian Miniscule (the standard script of the time). The prayer was named for the abbey at Wessobrunn in Bavaria where the codex resided for centuries before it was discovered and studied by philologists and eventually moved to the state library in Munich. The location where it was written and the identity of the author are unknown.

The Song of Peter is the oldest surviving hymn in the German language. Hymns are a form of religious poetry sung in praise of God, often during religious ceremonies such as the Mass celebrated by medieval Christians. The tradition of Christian hymns was popularised in the West by Ambrose of Milan (c.340 –397 AD), who wrote hymns in Latin (though some claim that Hilary of Poitiers was the first composer of Latin hymns). Hymns in the 'Ambrosian' style remained a very popular part of Christian worship until the Council of Trent (1545-63 AD), when most hymns were abolished from Catholic liturgical practice. The Song of Peter is transmitted with neumes, an early medieval form of musical notation, which suggests that it was supposed to be sung, possibly during religious processions.

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“HISTORY IN 3D” are reconstructing the Column of Marcus Aurelius. History in 3D are a creative team: https://relivehistoryin3d.com/

According to Cassius Dio, “it was Marcus Aurelius' good fortune to win an unexpected victory, or rather it was vouchsafed him by heaven. For when the Romans were in peril in the course of the battle, the divine power saved them in a most unexpected way.” Romans were in a difficult situation, as they were surrounded by the enemy forces. It was very hot and dry weather, there wasn’t enough water, so Romans even considered capitulation. But then, according to Dio: “Suddenly many clouds gathered and a mighty rain, not without divine interposition, burst upon them when the rain poured down, at first all turned their faces upwards and received the water in their mouths; then some held out their shields and some their helmets to catch it, and they not only took deep draughts themselves but also gave their horses to drink.”

Anglo-Boer War: Colourised photos of soldiers fighting on the Boer side.

Propaganda: "Der Einsatz - Dein Leben" / "The Stake - Your Life"