🗺 Avalanche of Multipolarity

On April 20, the Valdai Club hosted an expert discussion, titled “A New Framework for International Relations: The End of US Hegemony?”

Discussion moderator Andrey Sushentsov, Programme Director of the Valdai Discussion Club, invited the participants to discuss the contours of the emerging new order in the world and in Eurasia. He noted that the Ukrainian crisis has accelerated the world’s movement towards polycentricity, and this impulse is forcing many major powers, particularly China and India, to rethink their interdependence with the countries of the West and their relations with each other.

🔹 Ivan Zuenko, Research Fellow, Institute for International Studies, MGIMO, Russian Foreign Ministry, presented the main points of view on the Ukrainian crisis that exist in the Chinese expert community. According to the first of them, the current instability, which is leading to a change in the world order, is beneficial for China, as it leads to the creation of a truly multipolar world. Those who share this viewpoint believe that China needs to remain neutral for as long as possible, counting on the impending collapse of the pro-Western order. Those taking the second approach believe that the current situation has led to the consolidation of the West and the strengthening of the position of the United States, and China should support Washington in this situation in order to resolve the differences of recent years and return to the global “family of nations”. However, most experts concur with the mainstream approach supported by the Chinese establishment. It suggests a compromise stance - supporting Ukraine's territorial integrity while condemning NATO expansion, viewing the Ukrainian crisis in the broader context of world politics, and trying to maintain good relations with all parties.

🔹 Sanjaya Baru, Distinguished Fellow at the United Service Institution of India, introduced the Indian vision. He stressed that the crisis has divided public opinion not only in China but also in India. However, the position of the government and leading political parties is that Russia is an important strategic partner, relations with which must be maintained at any  cost. In addition, Indian analysts tend to believe that the world is moving towards multipolarity, in which India will become one of the important centres of power. They see centrifugal rather than centripetal tendencies in the global system and reject the concept of a new bipolar order emerging with the US and China as poles. Baru emphasised that multipolarity is an issue that should be considered not so much in the context of economics or military power, but within the framework of a civilisational approach. In his opinion, the centre of world civilisations, one of which, undoubtedly, is India, should become the centres of power in the new world.

🔹 Alexey Kupriyanov, Head of the Group of South Asia and the Indian Ocean Region of the Centre for Asia-Pacific Studies, IMEMO RAS, spoke about the prospects for Russian-Indian cooperation. Comparing the current situation with an avalanche, he noted that in the context of growing chaos that destroys previous plans and ties, it is better for Russia and India to expand cooperation, which can become one of the bridges that can help both countries survive. At the same time, cooperation should develop not only in the usual areas, such as military cooperation, space cooperation, cooperation in the field of atomic energy. We need to expand trade. At a time when the number of Russian trading partners has drastically decreased, India represents an uncontested corridor for Russia to access Western technologies and the Western financial market. In addition, India is important for Russia in itself - both as a market for goods, and as an "assembly shop" for the implementation of technologies, and as an important political player with which there are no serious contradictions.

https://valdaiclub.com/events/posts/articles/avalanche-of-multipolarity/

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

🎬 Is Film Self-Sufficiency Possible?

On April 21, the Valdai Club hosted an expert discussion on cultural import substitution in the field of cinematography.

Discussion moderator Andrey Bystritskiy, Chairman of the Board of the Foundation for Development and Support of the Valdai Discussion Club, noted, that the word “autarky” will soon be the most important one in the modern world. This also applies to cinema. After Western producers deprived the Russian audience of access to their products, the question arose of whether Russian society is capable of providing for the Russian market and the interests of Russian citizens with cinematic content. 

🔹 Svetlana Sonina, Deputy General Producer of Okko, noted that the issue of cultural substitution as such is not relevant yet. American filmmakers are leaving the Russian market. “American cinema, with few exceptions, is an attraction: blockbusters, popcorn, an event, a show, and also the promotion of certain values. I would not call it a cultural phenomenon with one hundred percent probability. If we are talking about high-quality European cinema, including festival cinema, then there are no problems with it yet,” Sonina said.

🔹 Vadim Sokolovsky, director of IVI production department, called for contacts with global manufacturers so as not to be culturally isolated. According to him, Western countries are now creating for Russia the same problem that the Soviet Union created for its citizens, cutting them off from global cultural context. Russia, being a part of world culture, cannot and should not close itself off from the world, he believes: “We must not close ourselves with an iron curtain only because Western people treat us like ugly pigs.”

🔹 Alena Kremer, producer and managing video production partner at Peak Media, considers it necessary to create a competitive environment in the domestic market. The quality of content largely depends on the educational programmes that are actively developing in the country, but in addition to this it is necessary to develop the institution of mentoring. It is very important to build a system of cooperation between professionals and young specialists - and the state should help. Only close interaction between the state and the industry will help form the necessary support measures to stimulate import substitution in cinema, and in this it is necessary to rely on the experience of other countries, in particular China, Kremer believes.

🔹 Alexander Akopov, film and television producer, TV presenter, and president of the Russian Television Academy Foundation, emphasised that most of the film content in Russia consists of TV serials and in this area import substitution has already happened - the main interest of the audience is focused on the domestic products. We can talk about import substitution in the field of movies distribution, but here, too, Russian indicators are no worse than those of other countries. Rather, we should talk not about import substitution, but about export orientation. “We have long won the fight for our viewers,” he stressed.

🔹 Alexey Goreslavsky, Director General of the Internet Development Institute, raised the topic of gaming content. More than fifty million people in Russia play computer games, but games are not usually taken seriously as part of the entertainment industry. In the gaming sector, unlike TV shows, things are not going well with import substitution. It is necessary to invest in this area as soon as possible, otherwise we may fail in a few months.

https://valdaiclub.com/events/posts/articles/is-film-self-sufficiency-possible/

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

🗺 One of the characteristic features of this “pre-February” world order was the dialectical struggle between the Western centre of power (power understood in every sense — military, economic, value) and the largest non-Western powers that sought to challenge it.

This dynamic state of affairs was theoretically defined either through the concept of a multipolar world or through the concept of revisionism in world politics. From our point of view, a multipolar world is unlikely to work in the current situation. At least from the non-Western poles (except for Russia itself, of course), now only cautious phrases are heard in the spirit of “for all that is good and against all that is bad”. It is clear that everyone is waiting and trying to predict the consequences.

The current developments are an important practical test for the limits of political revisionism. The Russian case will undoubtedly become a visual aid for other revisionist powers. The further prospects of political revisionism in the “post-February” world order will depend on what conclusions they come to, writes Valdai Club Programme Director Oleg Barabanov.

🔗 World Order: The Limits to Revisionism

#Norms_and_Values #revisionism

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

🧊 Any approach to regional cooperation in the Arctic that excludes Russian involvement in the long term will be difficult. 

However, according to some Western analysts, if the nature of Russian policy does not change, the continuation of cooperation with Russia within the framework of the Arctic Council over the long term will be problematic, writes Natalya Vyakhireva, Expert and Program Manager of the RIAC.

🔗 On Pause: Dialogue with Russia in the Arctic

#EconomicStatecraft #Arctic

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

⏰ TODAY at 13:00  Moscow time (GMT+3), the Valdai Club will host a panel discussion on the results of the presidential elections in France.

❓Macron is the most energetic of European leaders to have attempted to resolve the military-political crisis in Ukraine. Will this help him in the domestic political context?
❓How will relations between France and Russia develop if either frontrunner of the presidential race wins, and what will remain constant?
❓What will be the role of France amid a rapidly changing situation?

Participants in the discussion will answer these and other questions.

A link to the live broadcast of the discussion will be posted on all online-platforms of the Valdai Club: on the website, on Telegram and Twitter.

#France #Macron

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

UPD: The livestream is over. The video of the discussion is available via the same link. Stay tuned!

🎥 LIVE: at 13:00  Moscow time (GMT+3), Valdai Club panel discussion on the results of the presidential elections in France will start.

https://vk.com/video-117768947_456239349

#Norms_and_Values #France #Macron #LePen

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

📷 Today, on April 25, Valdai Club panel discussion on the results of the presidential elections in France took place.

Photo gallery of the discussion is available in our VK account.

The video of the discussion is available via this link.

Stay tuned!

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

🇷🇺🌏🇺🇦 For most of Russia’s neighbours, the conflict between Moscow and Kiev opens up great opportunities.

🇹🇷 Turkey appears to be one of the key beneficiaries of the conflict. Ankara skilfully manoeuvres, benefiting from everyone.

🇦🇿 Azerbaijan is another winning player. Baku maintains partnership relations with Moscow, but it does not have excessive obligations.

🇦🇲 Armenia also receives its bonuses from the conflict. Tens of thousands of Russians are moving to Yerevan. We are talking, among other things, about active and passionate businessmen working in the IT sector.

🇬🇪 Part of the migration flow from Russia has also rushed to Georgia. Tbilisi has distanced itself from the sanctions war, not wanting to suffer losses in the Russian market. The country remains oriented towards the West, but clearly does not want to aggravate relations with Moscow.

🇰🇿 Kazakhstan also plays the role of a hub for Russian business. Here, too, a significant influx of human capital from Russia is possible. Kazakhstan is a big market.

Armenia, Georgia and Kazakhstan can be considered the main beneficiaries from migration from Russia.

🇹🇲 Turkmenistan is likely to benefit tangibly from rising gas prices.

🇰🇬🇹🇯 Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, on the contrary, may lose due to the reduction in the inflow of remittances from Russia due to the contraction of the market.

🇺🇿 Uzbekistan is more stable in this regard due to the larger scale of the economy.

🇧🇾 The Republic of Belarus will experience the impact of Western sanctions. In part, they will be offset by deepening trade ties with Russia.

🇲🇩 The Republic of Moldova is a “loser” in this crisis. The country has received a large number of refugees from Ukraine.

🇮🇷 Finally, two other neighbouring countries, Iran and North Korea, should be mentioned. Tehran has a unique window of opportunity. The risk of a shortage of oil in the world market may force the US to make some indulgences in the sanctions regime.

🇰🇵 As for North Korea, it benefits at least from the fact that the losses are borne by its key opponents — the United States, Japan, South Korea, etc. Their losses are not fatal, and they are not automatically converted into dividends for Pyongyang.

However, all these countries should keep in mind the scenario of an escalation to the level of a military clash between Russia and NATO. Such a collision could nullify many of the benefits discussed above, writes Valdai Club Programme Director Ivan Timofeev.

🔗 Ukrainian Crisis, Turkey and Eurasia: Who Wins?

#EconomicStatecraft #Turkey #Eurasia

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

🇫🇷 Macron as President of Crisis and Three Frances

On April 25, the Valdai Club hosted an expert discussion on the results of the presidential elections in France.

Discussion moderator Oleg Barabanov, Programme Director of the Valdai Discussion Club, invited the participants to discuss the victory of Emmanuel Macron. He noted that this time, unlike in previous elections, Macron's rival Marine Le Pen won by a wide margin in a number of regions, and this makes the picture "more fragmented" and more interesting than it was five years ago.

🔹 Alexander Orlov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to the French Republic and the Principality of Monaco in 2008-2017, analysed the situation in which the newly elected President of France found himself following the elections. He called Macron's victory convincing, but stressed that his relatively weak results in the first round make it difficult for the winner to carry out the previous policy. This reflects the difficult situation in which France finds itself, the diplomat said. Speaking about French foreign policy, Orlov stressed that Macron focuses on the theme of France’s independence, and with regard to Russia, he tried to remain politically correct, avoiding harsh rhetoric so as to “not burn bridges.”

🔹 Evgenia Obichkina, Professor of the Department of International Relations and Foreign Policy of Russia at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), called Macron's main difficulty his lack of reliance on any strong political party or basic political electorate that would hold certain views for generations. Analysing the situation in France as a whole, the expert emphasised that if earlier there were two Frances - right and left, with a predominance of the centrist spectrum in both, now there are three of them, with a comparative radicalisation of the right and left and the separation of the centre into a selected force. Thus, Macron will probably reflect, in implementing his programme - republican, humanistic, European and ideological values - to constantly reckon with powerful pressure from both flanks.

https://valdaiclub.com/events/posts/articles/macron-as-president-of-crisis-and-three-frances/

#Norms_and_Values #France #Macron

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

♻️🌐 Growth-fetishism rules the roost in large parts of the developing world despite commitments of many to reach “net-zero” emissions by their own stipulated timelines.

A conflict arises here, as it is universally acknowledged that global warming and climate change are the results of humanity’s unbridled penchant for economic growth without accounting for the “costs of growth”. Again, most of the developing world climate commitments hinge upon an energy transition from fossil fuel sources to renewable energy sources!

Large parts of the global south, led by the BRICS nations, still perceive that a mere energy transition will resolve the problems of climate change. Therefore, they continue with unbridled changes in land-use, destroying the ecosystem in order to meet infrastructure needs.

Amid this unbridled penchant for economic growth and urbanisation, there hardly remains the acknowledgement that forest and coastal ecosystems are carbon sinks, whose roles in stocking carbon and annual carbon sequestration cannot be substituted via a mere energy transition.

Multilateralism can be helpful when dealing with an overarching and uniform delineation of the “Green Agenda”, the developmental needs and nuances of the conservation-development-livelihood dynamics of various parts of the developing and underdeveloped world are acknowledged.

Otherwise, multilateralism will only cater to the needs of the rich, and will be inimical to distributive justice at the global scale, writes Nilanjan Ghosh, Director of the Observer Research Foundation. 

🔗 The Fate of the ‘Green Agenda’: Does Multilateralism Have a Future?

#Valdai_WorldEconomy #multilateralism #ecology

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

📆 On April 26, Andrey Bystritskiy, Chairman of the Board of the Foundation for Development and Support of the Valdai Discussion Club, took part in the prestigious international conference Raisina Dialogue, held in New Delhi.

Bystritskiy spoke at the session “Kremlin at the Crossroads: What Lies Ahead?”.

The session was also attended by Carl Bildt, former Prime Minister of Sweden, François Godement, Senior Advisor at the Paris-based Institut Montaigne, Victoria Zhuravleva, Head of the Center for North American Studies at IMEMO RAS and Milena Lazarevic, Programme Director of the Serbian European Policy Center. The event was moderated by Nandan Unnikrishnan, Distinguished Fellow of the Observer Research Foundation.

https://valdaiclub.com/events/own/andrey-bystritsky-takes-part-in-raisina-dialogue/

#valdaiclub

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

🇫🇷 The 2022 election in France is not a repeat of the 2017 election, whatever one might think.

We have seen significant changes in the French political space over the past five years through the events that marked Emmanuel Macron’s first term, whether it be the mobilisation on the issue of pensions, the “Yellow Vests” movement or the health crisis. The brutal management of the latter thus explains why Marine Le Pen is ahead of Emmanuel Macron in almost all the overseas departments.

Emmanuel Macron now clearly appears as the “centre-right” candidate and Marine Le Pen, meanwhile, has solidified an electorate around her. Le Pen remains popular, showing that the momentum of her 2017 campaign ran deeper than one might think. She can no longer, if ever, be called a “far-right” candidate.

The “Elitist-bourgeois” and Europeanist bloc that has gathered around Emmanuel Macron is both solid AND a minority in the country. The “social-populist” bloc, in other words the combination of a vote of conviction regarding a structured social programme and a vote of exasperation structured around a populist-social discourse of real effectiveness, is in fact in the majority in France, writes Valdai Club expert Jacques Sapir.

🔗 Elections Day in France

#Norms_and_Values #France #Macron

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

🏰 Europe’s main problem is its lack of even elementary self-sufficiency in terms of resources.

That is why for Europeans, territorial expansion is an even more inevitable foreign policy choice than for other advanced industrial powers like the United States or China, or industrially-lagging Russia and India.

Therefore, the acquisition by the Europeans of new military capabilities will almost inevitably lead to an increase in their aggressiveness, writes Valdai Club Programme Director Timofei Bordachev.

🔗 Europe and the Atomic Bomb

#Asia_and_Eurasia #Europe #Germany

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

💸🌱 Financial actors could play a key role in supporting and fostering a shift towards a low-carbon economy.

In this context, central banks could have a primary function in both tackling climate-related risks and the ones related to the transition and, potentially, proactively redirecting resources towards green initiatives.

Central banks are indeed exploring how different types of climate-related risks and considerations could be incorporated into their activities. However, this effort is proceeding at a different speed and with a different geometry across the globe.

The book aims at shedding light on how central banks and international financial institutions are currently addressing climate change worldwide, with a focus on central banks in the European Union, the United States, Asia, Africa and Latin America, and on the potential role of the International Monetary Fund, sovereign national funds and ESG (Environment, Social and Governance) standards.

📑 Following up on the Valdai Club’s cooperation with Istituto Affari Internazionali as part of T20 Italy 2021, the Club’s Programme Director Yaroslav Lissovolik has contributed to IAI’s study dedicated to the role of central banks in addressing climate change.

Yaroslav Lissovolik’s chapter explores whether sovereign wealth funds could help in fostering investment in greener instruments. 

🔗 Green Investments From Sovereign Wealth Funds: The Case of Russia

#Valdai_WorldEconomy #greeneconomy

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

🇫🇷 Emmanuel Macron will face no less important tasks not only on the internal, but also on the external circuit.

According to the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, it is the head of state who determines the nature of the country’s foreign and defence policy, and since 2017 Macron has repeatedly proved that he is ready to use these powers with great pleasure.

He has demonstrated an emphatically active diplomatic style, a desire to go beyond the established framework of thinking, and he has proposed bright concepts (like “NATO’s brain death”). He has attempted to involve France in various groupings of nations, initiatives and processes, if not as a leader, then at least as a noteworthy participant.

The preservation of the status quo in France has caused understandable relief in the European establishment, as well as among most of the media: the staunch Europeanist Macron looks to them like a clearly more advantageous figure than Marine Le Pen, who has proposed reformatting the EU into a union of nation states while weakening common institutions, writes Valdai Club expert Alexei Chikhachev. However, today the situation is such that the ideas of the French leader and his colleagues about the near future of the EU are noticeably different.

🔗 France After the Elections: Foreign Policy Horizons

#Norms_and_Values #France #Macron

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

🇮🇷 Iran is directly connected to the crisis on multiple levels.

☑️ It is not only a neighbouring state to Russia, but also one that has been developing a long-term partnership with its northern neighbour.

☑️ Furthermore, Russia has been a key stakeholder in the ongoing talks to revive the Iran nuclear deal, also known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).

☑️ In addition, as a key player in the global energy market, especially the country with the second largest natural gas reserves in the world, Iran is bound to be impacted by the emerging energy-related geopolitical shifts.

In this article, Bijan Khajehpour, managing partner at Eurasian Nexus Partners, looks at the strategic dilemmas that Tehran will face in light of the ongoing conflict and their potential impact on Iran’s international relations. 

🔗 Iran’s Dilemmas in the Aftermath of the Ukraine Crisis

#EconomicStatecraft #Iran #sanctions

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

📆 #CentralAsianValdai2022: On May 17-18, Nizhny Novgorod will host the 2nd Central Asian Conference of the Valdai Discussion Club.

This year’s theme is “Russia — Central Asia: Cooperation and Development Amid Instability”.

🌏 The Central Asian Conference will be attended by about 40 experts from 9 countries — Russia, China, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The event is expected to be opened by Gleb Nikitin, Governor of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, and Andrey Rudenko, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.

The Central Asian Conference will last two days. The programme will include an opening, four thematic sessions and an open discussion. The opening of the conference and the first session (May 17), as well as the final open discussion (May 18) will be available to the media and the general public and will be broadcast on the Club’s website.

The main topics of the conference are the following:

• Development of Russia and Central Asia in the context of new geopolitical turbulence;
• Collective security in Central Asia;
• Cooperation between Russia and the countries of the region in the field of economy and transport;
• Interregional ties between Russia and the five republics of Central Asia.

🌏 The foreign participants of the conference include: Rashid Alimov, SCO Secretary General (2016-2018); Mehdi Sanai, Associate Professor, Faculty of World Studies, University of Tehran, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Iran to Russia (2013 — 2019); Rakhim Oshakbaev, Director of the TALAP Center for Applied Research; Kanatbek Aziz, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic; Kubatbek Rakhimov Executive Director of the Public Foundation “Applicata — Center for Strategic Decisions”, Advisor to the Prime Minister of the Kyrgyz Republic (2019-2020); Bakhtishod Khamidov, Deputy Director of the Institute for Forecasting and Macroeconomic Research under the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction of the Republic of Uzbekistan; Raj Kumar Sharma, Research Fellow, Delhi School of Transnational Relations, University of Delhi; Wang Wen, Executive Dean of the Chongyang Financial Research Institute of the Renmin University of China (RDCY), Vice President of the Silk Road School of the Renmin University of China; Nandan Unnikrishnan, Honorary Fellow, Observer Research Foundation; Muhammad Athar Javed, founder, CEO of Pakistan House, director of the Center for Russian Studies; Feng Shaolei, Director of Centre for Russian Studies, Director of Centre for Co-development with Neighboring Countries, East China Normal University.

🇷🇺 The Russian participants include: Ivan Safranchuk, Director and Leading Research Fellow of the Center for Eurasian Studies at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO); Yana Leksyutina, Professor of the Faculty of International Relations of St. Petersburg State University; Marcel Salikhov, Director of the HSE Center for Economic Expertise; Andrey Grozin, Senior Researcher at the Center for the Study of Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Ural-Volga Region of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Central Asia and Kazakhstan of the ANO “Institute of Diaspora and Integration”; Andrey Bystritskiy, Chairman of the Board of the Foundation of the Valdai Club; Fyodor Lukyanov, Research Director of the Valdai Discussion Club; Timofei Bordachev, Programme Director of the Valdai Discussion Club, and others.

🔗 2nd Central Asian Conference of the Valdai Discussion Club

Working languages: English, Russian.

ℹ️ Information for the media! In order to be accredited for the event, please fill out the form on our website or call +7 926 930 77 63. Accreditation is open until 15:00 Moscow time on May 16.

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club

📌 Programme of the 2nd Central Asian Conference of the Valdai Discussion Club "Russia – Central Asia: Cooperation and Development Amid Instability"

📍 Nizhny Novgorod, May 17-18, 2022

📆 May 17, Tuesday

10:00 – 10:15 — Opening of the conference:

Open for live broadcast and media

10:15 – 11:45 — Session I. Geopolitical Challenges and Joint Development

Open for live broadcast and media

The task of the session is to assess the overall impact of new turbulence, the possibility of a joint response to existential challenges and concrete solutions to those problems that already affect negatively the ability of states to achieve their main development goals.

12:00 – 13:30 — Session II. Collective Security: Threats and Opportunities

The task of the session is to discuss the effectiveness of existing collective tools to respond to new threats, determine the likelihood of new challenges and understand how Russia and the countries of Central Asia can jointly respond to them.

14:30 – 16:00 — Session III. International Trade and Transport of Central Eurasia in the New Conditions

The task of the session is to identify ways and opportunities to reduce damage, but also to identify new opportunities for cooperation in trade, transport and logistics at the international and bilateral level.

16:15 – 17:45 — Session IV. Interregional Cooperation in a Turbulent World

Intensified cooperation between individual regions of Russia and the countries of Central Asia can be an answer to many questions and challenges.


📆 May 18, Wednesday

09:30 – 11:30 — Open discussion on topical issues of the region

Open for live broadcast and media

The purpose of this session is to give experts an opportunity to assess the most important new areas of interaction between Russia and the countries of Central Asia within the framework of a free exchange of views and to identify those issues and problems that have not yet fully manifested themselves.

🔗 Programme of the 2nd Central Asian Conference

#CentralAsianValdai2022

@valdai_club — The Valdai Discussion Club