Here are some essential SQL tips for beginners 👇👇

◆ Primary Key = Unique Key + Not Null constraint
◆ To perform case insensitive search use UPPER() function ex. UPPER(customer_name) LIKE ‘A%A’
◆ LIKE operator is for string data type
◆ COUNT(*), COUNT(1), COUNT(0) all are same
◆ All aggregate functions ignore the NULL values
◆ Aggregate functions MIN, MAX, SUM, AVG, COUNT are for int data type whereas STRING_AGG is for string data type
◆ For row level filtration use WHERE and aggregate level filtration use HAVING
◆ UNION ALL will include duplicates where as UNION excludes duplicates 
◆ If the results will not have any duplicates, use UNION ALL instead of UNION
◆ We have to alias the subquery if we are using the columns in the outer select query
◆ Subqueries can be used as output with NOT IN condition.
◆ CTEs look better than subqueries. Performance wise both are same.
◆ When joining two tables , if one table has only one value then we can use 1=1 as a condition to join the tables. This will be considered as CROSS JOIN.
◆ Window functions work at ROW level.
◆ The difference between RANK() and DENSE_RANK() is that RANK() skips the rank if the values are the same.
◆ EXISTS works on true/false conditions. If the query returns at least one value, the condition is TRUE. All the records corresponding to the conditions are returned.

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You don't need to know everything about every data tool. Focus on what will help land you your job.

For Excel:
- IFS (all variations)
- XLOOKUP
- IMPORTRANGE (in GSheets)
- Pivot Tables
- Dynamic functions like TODAY()

For SQL:
- Sum
- Group By
- Window Functions
- CTEs
- Joins

For Tableau:
- Calculated Columns
- Sets
- Groups
- Formatting

For Power BI:
- Power Query for data transformation
- DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) for creating custom calculations
- Relationships between tables
- Creating interactive and dynamic dashboards
- Utilizing slicers and filters effectively

I have created Resources for Data Analyst 👇👇
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaGgzAk72WTmQFERKh02

Hope it helps :)

Most people learn SQL just enough to pull some data. But if you really understand it, you can analyze massive datasets without touching Excel or Python.

Here are 8 game-changing SQL concepts that will make you a data pro:

👇

1. Stop pulling raw data. Start pulling insights.

The biggest mistake? Running a query that gives you everything and then filtering it later.

Good analysts don’t pull raw data. They shape the data before it even reaches them.

2. “SELECT ” is a rookie move.

Pulling all columns is lazy and slow.

A pro only selects what they need.
✔️ Fewer columns = Faster queries
✔️ Less noise = Clearer insights

The more precise your query, the less time you waste cleaning data.

3. GROUP BY is your best friend.

You don’t need 100,000 rows of transactions. What you need is:
✔️ Sales per region
✔️ Average order size per customer
✔️ Number of signups per month

Grouping turns chaotic data into useful summaries.

4. Joins = Connecting the dots.

Your most important data is split across multiple tables.

Want to know how much each customer spent? You need to join:
✔️ Customer info
✔️ Order history
✔️ Payments

Joins = unlocking hidden insights.

5. Window functions will blow your mind.

They let you:
✔️ Rank customers by total purchases
✔️ Calculate rolling averages
✔️ Compare each row to the overall trend

It’s like pivot tables, but way more powerful.

6. CTEs will save you from spaghetti SQL.

Instead of writing a 50-line nested query, break it into steps.

CTEs (Common Table Expressions) make your SQL:
✔️ Easier to read
✔️ Easier to debug
✔️ Reusable

Good SQL is clean SQL.

7. Indexes = Speed.

If your queries take forever, your database is probably doing unnecessary work.

Indexes help databases find data faster.

If you work with large datasets, this is a game changer.

SQL isn’t just about pulling data. It’s about analyzing, transforming, and optimizing it.

Master these 7 concepts, and you’ll never look at SQL the same way again.

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Can AI replace data scientist?

AI can automate many tasks that data scientists perform, but it is unlikely to completely replace them in the foreseeable future. Rather than replacing data scientists, AI will enhance their capabilities by automating repetitive tasks, allowing them to focus on higher-level strategy, decision-making, and ethical considerations.

What AI Can Automate in Data Science:

Data Cleaning & Preparation – AI can automate data wrangling tasks like handling missing values and detecting anomalies.

Feature Engineering – AI-driven tools can generate and select features automatically.

Model Selection & Hyperparameter Tuning – Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) can choose models, tune hyperparameters, and even optimize architectures.

Basic Data Visualization & Reporting – AI tools can generate dashboards and insights automatically.

What AI Cannot Replace:

Problem-Solving & Business Understanding – AI cannot define business problems, formulate hypotheses, or align analysis with strategic goals.

Interpretability & Decision-Making – AI-generated models can be complex, but a human expert is needed to interpret results and make decisions.

Innovation – AI lacks the ability identify new opportunities, or design novel experiments.

Ethical Considerations & Bias Handling – AI can introduce biases, and data scientists are needed to ensure fairness and ethical use.

Roadmap for Learning Machine Learning (ML)

Here’s a concise and point-wise roadmap for learning ML:

1. Prerequisites
- Learn programming basics (e.g., Python).
- Understand mathematics:
1 - Linear Algebra (vectors, matrices).
2 - Probability and Statistics (distributions, Bayes’ theorem).
3 - Calculus (derivatives, gradients).
4 - Familiarize yourself with data structures and algorithms.

2. Basics of Machine Learning
-Understand ML concepts:
Supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning.
Training, validation, and testing datasets.
- Learn how to preprocess and clean data.
- Get familiar with Python libraries:
NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, and Seaborn.

3. Supervised Learning
- Study regression techniques:
Linear and Logistic Regression.
- Explore classification algorithms:
Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines (SVM), k-NN.
- Learn model evaluation metrics:
Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1 Score, ROC-AUC.

4. Unsupervised Learning
- Learn clustering techniques:
k-Means, DBSCAN, Hierarchical Clustering.
- Understand Dimensionality Reduction:
PCA, t-SNE.

5. Advanced Concepts
- Explore ensemble methods:
Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, LightGBM.
- Learn hyperparameter tuning techniques:
Grid Search, Random Search.

6. Deep Learning (Optional for Advanced ML)
- Learn neural networks basics:
Forward and Backpropagation.
- Study Deep Learning libraries:
TensorFlow, PyTorch, Keras.
Explore CNNs, RNNs, and Transformers.

7. Hands-on Practice
- Work on small projects like:
1 - Predicting house prices.
2 - Sentiment analysis on tweets.
3 - Image classification.
4 - Explore Kaggle competitions and datasets.

8. Deployment
- Learn how to deploy ML models:
Use Flask, FastAPI, or Django.
- Explore cloud platforms: AWS, Azure, Google Cloud.

9. Keep Learning
- Stay updated with new techniques:
Follow blogs, papers, and conferences (e.g., NeurIPS, ICML).
- Dive into specialized fields:
NLP, Computer Vision, Reinforcement Learning.

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