How to convert image to pdf in Python
# Python3 program to convert image to pfd
# using img2pdf library
# importing necessary libraries
import img2pdf
from PIL import Image
import os
# storing image path
img_path = "Input.png"
# storing pdf path
pdf_path = "file_pdf.pdf"
# opening image
image = Image.open(img_path)
# converting into chunks using img2pdf
pdf_bytes = img2pdf.convert(image.filename)
# opening or creating pdf file
file = open(pdf_path, "wb")
# writing pdf files with chunks
file.write(pdf_bytes)
# closing image file
image.close()
# closing pdf file
file.close()
# output
print("Successfully made pdf file")
pip3 install pillow && pip3 install img2pdf👍6❤1
📚 9 must-have Python developer tools.
1. PyCharm IDE
2. Jupyter notebook
3. Keras
4. Pip Package
5. Python Anywhere
6. Scikit-Learn
7. Sphinx
8. Selenium
9. Sublime Text
1. PyCharm IDE
2. Jupyter notebook
3. Keras
4. Pip Package
5. Python Anywhere
6. Scikit-Learn
7. Sphinx
8. Selenium
9. Sublime Text
👍5❤4
👉The Ultimate Guide to the Pandas Library for Data Science in Python
👇👇
https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/the-ultimate-guide-to-the-pandas-library-for-data-science-in-python/amp/
A Visual Intro to NumPy and Data Representation
.
Link : 👇👇
https://jalammar.github.io/visual-numpy/
Matplotlib Cheatsheet 👇👇
https://github.com/rougier/matplotlib-cheatsheet
SQL Cheatsheet 👇👇
https://websitesetup.org/sql-cheat-sheet/
👇👇
https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/the-ultimate-guide-to-the-pandas-library-for-data-science-in-python/amp/
A Visual Intro to NumPy and Data Representation
.
Link : 👇👇
https://jalammar.github.io/visual-numpy/
Matplotlib Cheatsheet 👇👇
https://github.com/rougier/matplotlib-cheatsheet
SQL Cheatsheet 👇👇
https://websitesetup.org/sql-cheat-sheet/
👍5
Important questions to ace your machine learning interview with an approach to answer:
1. Machine Learning Project Lifecycle:
- Define the problem
- Gather and preprocess data
- Choose a model and train it
- Evaluate model performance
- Tune and optimize the model
- Deploy and maintain the model
2. Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning:
- Supervised Learning: Uses labeled data for training (e.g., predicting house prices from features).
- Unsupervised Learning: Uses unlabeled data to find patterns or groupings (e.g., clustering customer segments).
3. Evaluation Metrics for Regression:
- Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
- Mean Squared Error (MSE)
- Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
- R-squared (coefficient of determination)
4. Overfitting and Prevention:
- Overfitting: Model learns the noise instead of the underlying pattern.
- Prevention: Use simpler models, cross-validation, regularization.
5. Bias-Variance Tradeoff:
- Balancing error due to bias (underfitting) and variance (overfitting) to find an optimal model complexity.
6. Cross-Validation:
- Technique to assess model performance by splitting data into multiple subsets for training and validation.
7. Feature Selection Techniques:
- Filter methods (e.g., correlation analysis)
- Wrapper methods (e.g., recursive feature elimination)
- Embedded methods (e.g., Lasso regularization)
8. Assumptions of Linear Regression:
- Linearity
- Independence of errors
- Homoscedasticity (constant variance)
- No multicollinearity
9. Regularization in Linear Models:
- Adds a penalty term to the loss function to prevent overfitting by shrinking coefficients.
10. Classification vs Regression:
- Classification: Predicts a categorical outcome (e.g., class labels).
- Regression: Predicts a continuous numerical outcome (e.g., house price).
11. Dimensionality Reduction Algorithms:
- Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
- t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE)
12. Decision Tree:
- Tree-like model where internal nodes represent features, branches represent decisions, and leaf nodes represent outcomes.
13. Ensemble Methods:
- Combine predictions from multiple models to improve accuracy (e.g., Random Forest, Gradient Boosting).
14. Handling Missing or Corrupted Data:
- Imputation (e.g., mean substitution)
- Removing rows or columns with missing data
- Using algorithms robust to missing values
15. Kernels in Support Vector Machines (SVM):
- Linear kernel
- Polynomial kernel
- Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel
Data Science Interview Resources
👇👇
https://topmate.io/coding/914624
Like for more 😄
1. Machine Learning Project Lifecycle:
- Define the problem
- Gather and preprocess data
- Choose a model and train it
- Evaluate model performance
- Tune and optimize the model
- Deploy and maintain the model
2. Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning:
- Supervised Learning: Uses labeled data for training (e.g., predicting house prices from features).
- Unsupervised Learning: Uses unlabeled data to find patterns or groupings (e.g., clustering customer segments).
3. Evaluation Metrics for Regression:
- Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
- Mean Squared Error (MSE)
- Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
- R-squared (coefficient of determination)
4. Overfitting and Prevention:
- Overfitting: Model learns the noise instead of the underlying pattern.
- Prevention: Use simpler models, cross-validation, regularization.
5. Bias-Variance Tradeoff:
- Balancing error due to bias (underfitting) and variance (overfitting) to find an optimal model complexity.
6. Cross-Validation:
- Technique to assess model performance by splitting data into multiple subsets for training and validation.
7. Feature Selection Techniques:
- Filter methods (e.g., correlation analysis)
- Wrapper methods (e.g., recursive feature elimination)
- Embedded methods (e.g., Lasso regularization)
8. Assumptions of Linear Regression:
- Linearity
- Independence of errors
- Homoscedasticity (constant variance)
- No multicollinearity
9. Regularization in Linear Models:
- Adds a penalty term to the loss function to prevent overfitting by shrinking coefficients.
10. Classification vs Regression:
- Classification: Predicts a categorical outcome (e.g., class labels).
- Regression: Predicts a continuous numerical outcome (e.g., house price).
11. Dimensionality Reduction Algorithms:
- Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
- t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE)
12. Decision Tree:
- Tree-like model where internal nodes represent features, branches represent decisions, and leaf nodes represent outcomes.
13. Ensemble Methods:
- Combine predictions from multiple models to improve accuracy (e.g., Random Forest, Gradient Boosting).
14. Handling Missing or Corrupted Data:
- Imputation (e.g., mean substitution)
- Removing rows or columns with missing data
- Using algorithms robust to missing values
15. Kernels in Support Vector Machines (SVM):
- Linear kernel
- Polynomial kernel
- Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel
Data Science Interview Resources
👇👇
https://topmate.io/coding/914624
Like for more 😄
👍9❤1
Neural Networks and Deep Learning
Neural networks and deep learning are integral parts of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Here's an overview:
1.Neural Networks: Neural networks are computational models inspired by the human brain's structure and functioning. They consist of interconnected nodes (neurons) organized in layers: input layer, hidden layers, and output layer.
Each neuron receives input, processes it through an activation function, and passes the output to the next layer. Neurons in subsequent layers perform more complex computations based on previous layers' outputs.
Neural networks learn by adjusting weights and biases associated with connections between neurons through a process called training. This is typically done using optimization techniques like gradient descent and backpropagation.
2.Deep Learning : Deep learning is a subset of ML that uses neural networks with multiple layers (hence the term "deep"), allowing them to learn hierarchical representations of data.
These networks can automatically discover patterns, features, and representations in raw data, making them powerful for tasks like image recognition, natural language processing (NLP), speech recognition, and more.
Deep learning architectures such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs), and Transformer models have demonstrated exceptional performance in various domains.
3.Applications Computer Vision: Object detection, image classification, facial recognition, etc., leveraging CNNs.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) Language translation, sentiment analysis, chatbots, etc., utilizing RNNs, LSTMs, and Transformers.
Speech Recognition: Speech-to-text systems using deep neural networks.
4.Challenges and Advancements: Training deep neural networks often requires large amounts of data and computational resources. Techniques like transfer learning, regularization, and optimization algorithms aim to address these challenges.
Advancements in hardware (GPUs, TPUs), algorithms (improved architectures like GANs - Generative Adversarial Networks), and techniques (attention mechanisms) have significantly contributed to the success of deep learning.
5. Frameworks and Libraries: There are various open-source libraries and frameworks (TensorFlow, PyTorch, Keras, etc.) that provide tools and APIs for building, training, and deploying neural networks and deep learning models.
Join for more: https://t.iss.one/machinelearning_deeplearning
Neural networks and deep learning are integral parts of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Here's an overview:
1.Neural Networks: Neural networks are computational models inspired by the human brain's structure and functioning. They consist of interconnected nodes (neurons) organized in layers: input layer, hidden layers, and output layer.
Each neuron receives input, processes it through an activation function, and passes the output to the next layer. Neurons in subsequent layers perform more complex computations based on previous layers' outputs.
Neural networks learn by adjusting weights and biases associated with connections between neurons through a process called training. This is typically done using optimization techniques like gradient descent and backpropagation.
2.Deep Learning : Deep learning is a subset of ML that uses neural networks with multiple layers (hence the term "deep"), allowing them to learn hierarchical representations of data.
These networks can automatically discover patterns, features, and representations in raw data, making them powerful for tasks like image recognition, natural language processing (NLP), speech recognition, and more.
Deep learning architectures such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs), and Transformer models have demonstrated exceptional performance in various domains.
3.Applications Computer Vision: Object detection, image classification, facial recognition, etc., leveraging CNNs.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) Language translation, sentiment analysis, chatbots, etc., utilizing RNNs, LSTMs, and Transformers.
Speech Recognition: Speech-to-text systems using deep neural networks.
4.Challenges and Advancements: Training deep neural networks often requires large amounts of data and computational resources. Techniques like transfer learning, regularization, and optimization algorithms aim to address these challenges.
Advancements in hardware (GPUs, TPUs), algorithms (improved architectures like GANs - Generative Adversarial Networks), and techniques (attention mechanisms) have significantly contributed to the success of deep learning.
5. Frameworks and Libraries: There are various open-source libraries and frameworks (TensorFlow, PyTorch, Keras, etc.) that provide tools and APIs for building, training, and deploying neural networks and deep learning models.
Join for more: https://t.iss.one/machinelearning_deeplearning
👍9
9 tips to improve your code:
- Declare variables close to usage
- Functions do 1 thing
- Avoid long functions
- Avoid long lines
- Don't repeat code
- Use descriptive variable/function names
- Use few arguments
- Simplify conditions (return age >17;)
- Remove unused code
Without errors, No-one can become a good programmer. Errors are the most important phase of learning to code.
- Declare variables close to usage
- Functions do 1 thing
- Avoid long functions
- Avoid long lines
- Don't repeat code
- Use descriptive variable/function names
- Use few arguments
- Simplify conditions (return age >17;)
- Remove unused code
Without errors, No-one can become a good programmer. Errors are the most important phase of learning to code.
👍4❤2