🐍 Master Python for Data Analytics!

Python is a powerful tool for data analysis, automation, and visualization. Here’s the ultimate roadmap:

🔹 Basic Concepts:
➡️ Syntax, variables, and data types (integers, floats, strings, booleans)
➡️ Control structures (if-else, for and while loops)
➡️ Basic data structures (lists, dictionaries, sets, tuples)
➡️ Functions, lambda functions, and error handling (try-except)
➡️ Working with modules and packages

🔹 Pandas & NumPy:
➡️ Creating and manipulating DataFrames and arrays
➡️ Data filtering, aggregation, and reshaping
➡️ Handling missing values
➡️ Efficient data operations with NumPy

🔹 Data Visualization:
➡️ Creating visualizations using Matplotlib and Seaborn
➡️ Plotting line, bar, scatter, and heatmaps

#Python

Iterating over Pandas DataFrames can cost you much performance.

Comparing iterrows() and itertuples() can help in some cases:


1. 𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀():

Generates index and Series pairs for each row.

𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘀: Easy to use and intuitive. Suitable for small datasets.

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀: Slow for large datasets. Series conversion incurs additional overhead.

𝗨𝘀𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝗲: Quick data inspection and small-scale transformations.


2. 𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀():

Returns namedtuples of the DataFrame rows.

𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘀: Much faster than iterrows(). More efficient for large datasets.

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀: Slightly less intuitive syntax. Avoid using when mutating DataFrames.

𝗨𝘀𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝗲: Large-scale data processing and read-only operations.


For optimal performance, use vectorized operations whenever possible! Iteration methods should be your last resort!

𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐏𝐲𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐧:
Strings in Python are immutable sequences of characters.

𝟏- 𝐥𝐞𝐧(): 𝐑𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠.

my_string = "Hello"
length = len(my_string)  # length will be 5

𝟐- 𝐬𝐭𝐫(): 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐧-𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐭𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬.

num = 123
str_num = str(num)  # str_num will be "123"

𝟑- 𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫() 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫(): 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐫 𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞.

my_string = "Hello"
lower_case = my_string.lower()  # lower_case will be "hello"
upper_case = my_string.upper()  # upper_case will be "HELLO"

𝟒- 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐩(): 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠.

my_string = "   Hello   "
stripped_string = my_string.strip()  # stripped_string will be "Hello"

𝟓- 𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐭(): 𝐒𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐚 𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐚 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫.

my_string = "apple,banana,orange"
fruits = my_string.split(",")  # fruits will be ["apple", "banana", "orange"]

𝟔- 𝐣𝐨𝐢𝐧(): 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐚 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
my_string = ",".join(fruits)  # my_string will be "apple,banana,orange"

𝟕- 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝() 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱(): 𝐒𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱.

my_string = "Hello, world!"
index1 = my_string.find("world")  # index1 will be 7
index2 = my_string.index("world")  # index2 will also be 7

𝟖- 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞(): 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠.

my_string = "Hello, world!"
new_string = my_string.replace("world", "Python")  # new_string will be "Hello, Python!"

𝟗- 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡() 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐬𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡(): 𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐬 𝐢𝐟 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠.

my_string = "Hello, world!"
starts_with_hello = my_string.startswith("Hello")  # True
ends_with_world = my_string.endswith("world")  # False

𝟏𝟎- 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭(): 𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠.

my_string = "apple, banana, orange, banana"
count = my_string.count("banana")  # count will be 2

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Python Interview Questions for data analyst interview

Question 1: Find the top 5 dates when the percentage change in Company A's stock price was the highest.

Question 2: Calculate the annualized volatility of Company B's stock price. (Hint: Annualized volatility is the standard deviation of daily returns multiplied by the square root of the number of trading days in a year.)

Question 3: Identify the longest streaks of consecutive days when the stock price of Company A was either increasing or decreasing continuously.

Question 4: Create a new column that represents the cumulative returns of Company A's stock price over the year.

Question 5: Calculate the 7-day rolling average of both Company A's and Company B's stock prices and find the date when the two rolling averages were closest to each other.

Question 6: Create a new DataFrame that contains only the dates when Company A's stock price was above its 50-day moving average, and Company B's stock price was below its 50-day moving average

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Roadmap
|
|-- Fundamentals
| |-- Mathematics
| | |-- Linear Algebra
| | |-- Calculus
| | |-- Probability and Statistics
| |
| |-- Programming
| | |-- Python (Focus on Libraries like NumPy, Pandas)
| | |-- Java or C++ (optional but useful)
| |
| |-- Algorithms and Data Structures
| | |-- Graphs and Trees
| | |-- Dynamic Programming
| | |-- Search Algorithms (e.g., A*, Minimax)
|
|-- Core AI Concepts
| |-- Knowledge Representation
| |-- Search Methods (DFS, BFS)
| |-- Constraint Satisfaction Problems
| |-- Logical Reasoning
|
|-- Machine Learning (ML)
| |-- Supervised Learning (Regression, Classification)
| |-- Unsupervised Learning (Clustering, Dimensionality Reduction)
| |-- Reinforcement Learning (Q-Learning, Policy Gradient Methods)
| |-- Ensemble Methods (Random Forest, Gradient Boosting)
|
|-- Deep Learning (DL)
| |-- Neural Networks
| |-- Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
| |-- Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)
| |-- Transformers (BERT, GPT)
| |-- Frameworks (TensorFlow, PyTorch)
|
|-- Natural Language Processing (NLP)
| |-- Text Preprocessing (Tokenization, Lemmatization)
| |-- NLP Models (Word2Vec, BERT)
| |-- Applications (Chatbots, Sentiment Analysis, NER)
|
|-- Computer Vision
| |-- Image Processing
| |-- Object Detection (YOLO, SSD)
| |-- Image Segmentation
| |-- Applications (Facial Recognition, OCR)
|
|-- Ethical AI
| |-- Fairness and Bias
| |-- Privacy and Security
| |-- Explainability (SHAP, LIME)
|
|-- Applications of AI
| |-- Healthcare (Diagnostics, Personalized Medicine)
| |-- Finance (Fraud Detection, Algorithmic Trading)
| |-- Retail (Recommendation Systems, Inventory Management)
| |-- Autonomous Vehicles (Perception, Control Systems)
|
|-- AI Deployment
| |-- Model Serving (Flask, FastAPI)
| |-- Cloud Platforms (AWS SageMaker, Google AI)
| |-- Edge AI (TensorFlow Lite, ONNX)
|
|-- Advanced Topics
| |-- Multi-Agent Systems
| |-- Generative Models (GANs, VAEs)
| |-- Knowledge Graphs
| |-- AI in Quantum Computing

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Top 21 skills to learn this year 👇

1. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Understanding AI algorithms and applications.
2. Data Science: Proficiency in tools like Python/ R, Jupyter Notebook, and GitHub, with the ability to apply data science algorithms to solve real-world problems.
3. Cybersecurity: Protecting data and systems from cyber threats.
4. Cloud Computing: Proficiency in platforms like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud.
5. Blockchain Technology: Understanding blockchain architecture and applications beyond cryptocurrencies.
6. Digital Marketing: Expertise in SEO, social media, and online advertising.
7. Programming: Skills in languages such as Python, JavaScript, and Go.
8. UX/UI Design: Creating intuitive and effective user interfaces and experiences.
9. Consulting: Expertise in providing strategic advice, improving business processes, and implementing solutions to drive business growth.
10. Data Analysis and Visualization: Proficiency in tools like Excel, SQL, Tableau, and Power BI to analyze and present data effectively.
11. Business Analysis & Project Management: Using tools and methodologies like Agile and Scrum.
12. Remote Work Tools: Proficiency in tools for remote collaboration and productivity.
13. Financial Literacy: Understanding personal finance, investment, and cryptocurrencies.
14. Emotional Intelligence: Skills in empathy, communication, and relationship management.
15. Business Acumen: A deep understanding of how businesses operate, including strategic thinking, market analysis, and financial literacy.
16. Investment Banking: Knowledge of financial markets, valuation methods, mergers and acquisitions, and financial modeling.
17. Mobile App Development: Skills in developing apps for iOS and Android using Swift, Kotlin, or React Native.
18. Financial Management: Proficiency in financial planning, analysis, and tools like QuickBooks and SAP.
19. Web Development: Proficiency in front-end and back-end development using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and frameworks like React, Angular, and Node.js.
20. Data Engineering: Skills in designing, building, and maintaining data pipelines and architectures using tools like Hadoop, Spark, and Kafka.
21. Soft Skills: Improving leadership, teamwork, and adaptability skills.

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7 level of writing Python Dictionary



Level 1: Basic Dictionary Creation

Level 2: Accessing and Modifying values

Level 3: Adding and Removing key Values Pairs

Level 4: Dictionary Methods

Level 5: Dictionary Comprehensions

Level 6: Nested Dictionary

Level 7: Advanced Dictionary Operations

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Top 10 Python functions that are commonly used in data analysis

import pandas as pd: This function is used to import the Pandas library, which is essential for data manipulation and analysis.

read_csv(): This function from Pandas is used to read data from CSV files into a DataFrame, a primary data structure for data analysis.

head(): It allows you to quickly preview the first few rows of a DataFrame to understand its structure.

describe(): This function provides summary statistics of the numeric columns in a DataFrame, such as mean, standard deviation, and percentiles.

groupby(): It's used to group data by one or more columns, enabling aggregation and analysis within those groups.

pivot_table(): This function helps in creating pivot tables, allowing you to summarize and reshape data for analysis.

fillna(): Useful for filling missing values in a DataFrame with a specified value or a calculated one (e.g., mean or median).

apply(): This function is used to apply custom functions to DataFrame columns or rows, which is handy for data transformation.

plot(): It's part of the Matplotlib library and is used for creating various data visualizations, such as line plots, bar charts, and scatter plots.

merge(): This function is used for combining two or more DataFrames based on a common column or index, which is crucial for joining datasets during analysis.

These functions are essential tools for any data analyst working with Python for data analysis tasks.

Hope it helps :)

Essentials for Acing any Data Analytics Interviews-

SQL:
1. Beginner
- Fundamentals: SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, HAVING
- Essential JOINS: INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL
- Basics of database and table creation

2. Intermediate
- Aggregate functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN
- Subqueries and nested queries
- Common Table Expressions with the WITH clause
- Conditional logic in queries using CASE statements

3. Advanced
- Complex JOIN techniques: self-join, non-equi join
- Window functions: OVER, PARTITION BY, ROW_NUMBER, RANK, DENSE_RANK, lead, lag
- Query optimization through indexing
- Manipulating data: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

Python:
1. Basics
- Understanding syntax, variables, and data types: integers, floats, strings, booleans
- Control structures: if-else, loops (for, while)
- Core data structures: lists, dictionaries, sets, tuples
- Functions and error handling: lambda functions, try-except
- Using modules and packages

2. Pandas & Numpy
- DataFrames and Series: creation and manipulation
- Techniques: indexing, selecting, filtering
- Handling missing data with fillna and dropna
- Data aggregation: groupby, data summarizing
- Data merging techniques: merge, join, concatenate

3. Visualization
- Plotting basics with Matplotlib: line plots, bar plots, histograms
- Advanced visualization with Seaborn: scatter plots, box plots, pair plots
- Plot customization: sizes, labels, legends, colors
- Introduction to interactive visualizations with Plotly

Excel:
1. Basics
- Cell operations and basic formulas: SUMIFS, COUNTIFS, AVERAGEIFS
- Charts and introductory data visualization
- Data sorting and filtering, Conditional formatting

2. Intermediate
- Advanced formulas: V/XLOOKUP, INDEX-MATCH, complex IF scenarios
- Summarizing data with PivotTables and PivotCharts
- Tools for data validation and what-if analysis: Data Tables, Goal Seek

3. Advanced
- Utilizing array formulas and sophisticated functions
- Building a Data Model & using Power Pivot
- Advanced filtering, Slicers and Timelines in Pivot Tables
- Crafting dynamic charts and interactive dashboards

Power BI:
1. Data Modeling
- Importing data from diverse sources
- Creating and managing dataset relationships
- Data modeling essentials: star schema, snowflake schema

2. Data Transformation
- Data cleaning and transformation with Power Query
- Advanced data shaping techniques
- Implementing calculated columns and measures with DAX

3. Data Visualization and Reporting
- Developing interactive reports and dashboards
- Visualization types: bar, line, pie charts, maps
- Report publishing and sharing, scheduling data refreshes

Statistics:
Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Variance, Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, P-values, Confidence Intervals, Correlation, Simple Linear Regression, Normal Distribution, Binomial Distribution, Poisson Distribution

Python Programming Interview Questions for Entry Level Data Analyst

1. What is Python, and why is it popular in data analysis?

2. Differentiate between Python 2 and Python 3.

3. Explain the importance of libraries like NumPy and Pandas in data analysis.

4. How do you read and write data from/to files using Python?

5. Discuss the role of Matplotlib and Seaborn in data visualization with Python.

6. What are list comprehensions, and how do you use them in Python?

7. Explain the concept of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python.


8. Discuss the significance of libraries like SciPy and Scikit-learn in data analysis.

9. How do you handle missing or NaN values in a DataFrame using Pandas?

10. Explain the difference between loc and iloc in Pandas DataFrame indexing.

11. Discuss the purpose and usage of lambda functions in Python.

12. What are Python decorators, and how do they work?

13. How do you handle categorical data in Python using the Pandas library?

14. Explain the concept of data normalization and its importance in data preprocessing.

15. Discuss the role of regular expressions (regex) in data cleaning with Python.

16. What are Python virtual environments, and why are they useful?

17. How do you handle outliers in a dataset using Python?

18. Explain the usage of the map and filter functions in Python.

19. Discuss the concept of recursion in Python programming.

20. How do you perform data analysis and visualization using Jupyter Notebooks?

Python Interview Q&A: https://topmate.io/coding/898340

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