Python Roadmap
|
|-- Fundamentals
| |-- Basics of Programming
| | |-- Introduction to Python
| | |-- Setting Up Development Environment (IDE: PyCharm, VSCode, etc.)
| |
| |-- Syntax and Structure
| | |-- Basic Syntax
| | |-- Variables and Data Types
| | |-- Operators and Expressions
|
|-- Control Structures
| |-- Conditional Statements
| | |-- If-Else Statements
| | |-- Elif Statements
| |
| |-- Loops
| | |-- For Loop
| | |-- While Loop
| |
| |-- Exception Handling
| | |-- Try-Except Block
| | |-- Finally Block
| | |-- Raise and Custom Exceptions
|
|-- Functions and Modules
| |-- Defining Functions
| | |-- Function Syntax
| | |-- Parameters and Arguments
| | |-- Return Statement
| |
| |-- Lambda Functions
| | |-- Syntax and Usage
| |
| |-- Modules and Packages
| | |-- Importing Modules
| | |-- Creating and Using Packages
|
|-- Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
| |-- Basics of OOP
| | |-- Classes and Objects
| | |-- Methods and Constructors
| |
| |-- Inheritance
| | |-- Single and Multiple Inheritance
| | |-- Method Overriding
| |
| |-- Polymorphism
| | |-- Method Overloading (using default arguments)
| | |-- Operator Overloading
| |
| |-- Encapsulation
| | |-- Access Modifiers (Public, Private, Protected)
| | |-- Getters and Setters
| |
| |-- Abstraction
| | |-- Abstract Base Classes
| | |-- Interfaces (using ABC module)
|
|-- Advanced Python
| |-- File Handling
| | |-- Reading and Writing Files
| | |-- Working with CSV and JSON Files
| |
| |-- Iterators and Generators
| | |-- Creating Iterators
| | |-- Using Generators and Yield Statement
| |
| |-- Decorators
| | |-- Function Decorators
| | |-- Class Decorators
|
|-- Data Structures
| |-- Lists
| | |-- List Comprehensions
| | |-- Common List Methods
| |
| |-- Tuples
| | |-- Immutable Sequences
| |
| |-- Dictionaries
| | |-- Dictionary Comprehensions
| | |-- Common Dictionary Methods
| |
| |-- Sets
| | |-- Set Operations
| | |-- Set Comprehensions
|
|-- Libraries and Frameworks
| |-- Data Science
| | |-- NumPy
| | |-- Pandas
| | |-- Matplotlib
| | |-- Seaborn
| | |-- SciPy
| |
| |-- Web Development
| | |-- Flask
| | |-- Django
| |
| |-- Automation
| | |-- Selenium
| | |-- BeautifulSoup
| | |-- Scrapy
|
|-- Testing in Python
| |-- Unit Testing
| | |-- Unittest
| | |-- PyTest
| |
| |-- Mocking
| | |-- unittest.mock
| | |-- Using Mocks and Patches
|
|-- Deployment and DevOps
| |-- Containers and Microservices
| | |-- Docker (Dockerfile, Image Creation, Container Management)
| | |-- Kubernetes (Pods, Services, Deployments, Managing Python Applications on Kubernetes)
|
|-- Best Practices and Advanced Topics
| |-- Code Style
| | |-- PEP 8 Guidelines
| | |-- Code Linters (Pylint, Flake8)
| |
| |-- Performance Optimization
| | |-- Profiling and Benchmarking
| | |-- Using Cython and Numba
| |
| |-- Concurrency and Parallelism
| | |-- Threading
| | |-- Multiprocessing
| | |-- Asyncio
|
|-- Building and Distributing Packages
| |-- Creating Packages
| | |-- setuptools
| | |-- Creating environment setup
| |
| |-- Publishing Packages
| | |-- PyPI
| | |-- Versioning and Documentation

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Python Programming Interview Questions for Entry Level Data Analyst

1. What is Python, and why is it popular in data analysis?

2. Differentiate between Python 2 and Python 3.

3. Explain the importance of libraries like NumPy and Pandas in data analysis.

4. How do you read and write data from/to files using Python?

5. Discuss the role of Matplotlib and Seaborn in data visualization with Python.

6. What are list comprehensions, and how do you use them in Python?

7. Explain the concept of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python.


8. Discuss the significance of libraries like SciPy and Scikit-learn in data analysis.

9. How do you handle missing or NaN values in a DataFrame using Pandas?

10. Explain the difference between loc and iloc in Pandas DataFrame indexing.

11. Discuss the purpose and usage of lambda functions in Python.

12. What are Python decorators, and how do they work?

13. How do you handle categorical data in Python using the Pandas library?

14. Explain the concept of data normalization and its importance in data preprocessing.

15. Discuss the role of regular expressions (regex) in data cleaning with Python.

16. What are Python virtual environments, and why are they useful?

17. How do you handle outliers in a dataset using Python?

18. Explain the usage of the map and filter functions in Python.

19. Discuss the concept of recursion in Python programming.

20. How do you perform data analysis and visualization using Jupyter Notebooks?

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Top 10 Python Libraries for Data Science & Machine Learning

1. NumPy: NumPy is a fundamental package for scientific computing in Python. It provides support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a collection of mathematical functions to operate on these arrays.

2. Pandas: Pandas is a powerful data manipulation library that provides data structures like DataFrame and Series, which make it easy to work with structured data. It offers tools for data cleaning, reshaping, merging, and slicing data.

3. Matplotlib: Matplotlib is a plotting library for creating static, interactive, and animated visualizations in Python. It allows you to generate various types of plots, including line plots, bar charts, histograms, scatter plots, and more.

4. Scikit-learn: Scikit-learn is a machine learning library that provides simple and efficient tools for data mining and data analysis. It includes a wide range of algorithms for classification, regression, clustering, dimensionality reduction, and model selection.

5. TensorFlow: TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning framework developed by Google. It enables you to build and train deep learning models using high-level APIs and tools for neural networks, natural language processing, computer vision, and more.

6. Keras: Keras is a high-level neural networks API that runs on top of TensorFlow, Theano, or Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit. It allows you to quickly prototype deep learning models with minimal code and easily experiment with different architectures.

7. Seaborn: Seaborn is a data visualization library based on Matplotlib that provides a high-level interface for creating attractive and informative statistical graphics. It simplifies the process of creating complex visualizations like heatmaps, violin plots, and pair plots.

8. Statsmodels: Statsmodels is a library that focuses on statistical modeling and hypothesis testing in Python. It offers a wide range of statistical models, including linear regression, logistic regression, time series analysis, and more.

9. XGBoost: XGBoost is an optimized gradient boosting library that provides an efficient implementation of the gradient boosting algorithm. It is widely used in machine learning competitions and has become a popular choice for building accurate predictive models.

10. NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit): NLTK is a library for natural language processing (NLP) that provides tools for text processing, tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, named entity recognition, sentiment analysis, and more. It is a valuable resource for working with textual data in data science projects.

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Data Structure in Python

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Complete Python topics and subtopics for Data Analytics:

𝗕𝗮𝘀𝗶𝗰𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻:
- Python Syntax
- Data Types
- Variables
- Operators
- Control Structures:
       if-elif-else
       Loops
       Break and Continue
       try-except block
- Functions
- Modules and Packages

𝗢𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁-𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻:
- Classes and Objects
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism
- Encapsulation
- Abstraction

𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻 𝗟𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀:
- Pandas
- Numpy

𝗣𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝘀:
- What is Pandas?
- Installing Pandas
- Importing Pandas
- Pandas Data Structures (Series, DataFrame, Index)

𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀:
- Creating DataFrames
- Accessing Data in DataFrames
- Filtering and Selecting Data
- Adding and Removing Columns
- Merging and Joining DataFrames
- Grouping and Aggregating Data
- Pivot Tables

𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:
- Handling Missing Values
- Handling Duplicates
- Data Formatting
- Data Transformation
- Data Normalization

𝗔𝗱𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗱 𝗧𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗰𝘀:
- Handling Large Datasets with Dask
- Handling Categorical Data with Pandas
- Handling Text Data with Pandas
- Using Pandas with Scikit-learn
- Performance Optimization with Pandas

𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻:
- Lists
- Tuples
- Dictionaries
- Sets

𝗙𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻:
- Reading and Writing Text Files
- Reading and Writing Binary Files
- Working with CSV Files
- Working with JSON Files

𝗡𝘂𝗺𝗽𝘆:
- What is NumPy?
- Installing NumPy
- Importing NumPy
- NumPy Arrays

𝗡𝘂𝗺𝗣𝘆 𝗔𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘆 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀:
- Creating Arrays
- Accessing Array Elements
- Slicing and Indexing
- Reshaping Arrays
- Combining Arrays
- Splitting Arrays
- Arithmetic Operations
- Broadcasting

𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗶𝗻 𝗡𝘂𝗺𝗣𝘆:
- Reading and Writing Data with NumPy
- Filtering and Sorting Data
- Data Manipulation with NumPy
- Interpolation
- Fourier Transforms
- Window Functions

𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗢𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘇𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗡𝘂𝗺𝗣𝘆:
- Vectorization
- Memory Management
- Multithreading and Multiprocessing
- Parallel Computing

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20 recently asked 𝗣𝗬𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗡 questions for Data Engineers.

1. Design a Python script to process and transform large CSV files from multiple sources daily.
2. Write Python code to identify and handle missing values in a dataset.
3. Implement a Python solution to store large volumes of time-series data efficiently using an appropriate format.
4. Create a Python-based system to process streaming data from IoT devices in real-time.
5. Write a Python ETL script to extract data from a SQL database, transform it, and load it into a NoSQL database.
6. Implement error handling in a Python data pipeline when an unexpected data type is encountered.
7. Write Python code to validate incoming data for consistency and accuracy.
8. Optimize a Python script processing large datasets to reduce runtime.
9. Create a Python function to merge multiple large datasets without memory overflow.
10. Write a Python script to automate the daily backup of data stored in a cloud bucket.
11. Implement parallel processing in Python for handling large-scale data operations.
12. Write a Python program to monitor and log the performance of a data pipeline.
13. Implement a Python solution to remove duplicates from a large dataset efficiently.
14. Write a Python script to connect to an API, fetch data, and store it in a database.
15. Implement a Python function to generate summary statistics for a large dataset.
16. Write a Python script to clean and standardize a dataset with inconsistent formats.
17. Implement a Python-based incremental data load from a source system to a data warehouse.
18. Write Python code to detect and remove outliers from a dataset.
19. Implement a Python pipeline to process and analyze log files in real-time.
20. Write Python code to create and manage partitions in a large dataset for faster querying.

5 misconceptions about data analytics (and what's actually true):

❌ The more sophisticated the tool, the better the analyst
✅ Many analysts do their jobs with "basic" tools like Excel

❌ You're just there to crunch the numbers
✅ You need to be able to tell a story with the data

❌ You need super advanced math skills
✅ Understanding basic math and statistics is a good place to start

❌ Data is always clean and accurate
✅ Data is never clean and 100% accurate (without lots of prep work)

❌ You'll work in isolation and not talk to anyone
✅ Communication with your team and your stakeholders is essential

Python (Pandas) interview questions for Data analyst role(entry level): ⬇️

1. What is Python Pandas and what is it used for?

2. Different types of Data Structures in Pandas?

3. Significant features of Pandas Library?

4. Time series in Pandas?

5. Reindexing in pandas along with its parameters?

6. Data Frames in Pandas?

7. MultiIndexing in Pandas?

8. Operation on Series in Pandas?

9. Different ways of creating Data Frames in Pandas?

10. Categorical Data in Pandas?

11. How to Read Text Files with Pandas?

12. How are iloc() and loc() different?

13. Difference between join() and merge() in Pandas?

14. How to add a row/column to a Pandas DataFrame?

15.GroupBy function in Pandas?

16.Use of pandas.Dataframe.aggregate() function?

17. Statistical functions in Python Pandas?


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