Cheat sheet on Python Data Types 🐍

Python Data Types — the main data types in Python.

🔢 Numbers — numerical types (int, float, complex)
⚖️ Bool — logical values (True, False)
📝 String — text strings
📋 List — mutable ordered collections
🔒 Tuple — immutable ordered collections
🎲 Set — unique unordered elements
🗂️ Dict — collections of "key-value" pairs.

Helps to quickly orient yourself in data types and choose the appropriate structure for storing information 💡

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Python is like New Year. 🎉 You can pass a tuple to startswith and endswith. 💻🐍

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Variables in Python are stickers, not boxes.

A variable doesn't store a value, but points to it. If you change a list, both variables will see the change. This makes sense with stickers. But with boxes, it's magic: two boxes mysteriously change simultaneously.

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What useful functions are there in the functools module?

Among the most popular ones: lru_cache for caching results, partial for partial application of arguments, wraps for preserving metadata in decorators and cmp_to_key for transforming a comparison function into a sorting key 🐍✨

# functools module usage
from functools import lru_cache, partial, wraps, cmp_to_key

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Do you know that Python allows you to get all the object's attributes with one function without additional code? 🐍

When you need to quickly check the state of an object, many manually access the attributes or dig into __dict__.

But for this, Python already has a built-in function vars().

vars(obj)

It returns a dictionary of all the object's attributes, including the current state of the instance.

{'x': 10}

This is useful for debugging, logging, serialization, ORM, and analyzing the runtime state of objects.

print(vars(user))

Also, vars() works with modules, classes, and any objects with dict.


vars(module)


🔥 vars()` — a rather underrated tool for quickly analyzing the state of objects during execution.

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Python there is a small convenience that not everyone knows about: in startswith and endswith you can pass an tuple of values directly

This allows you to check multiple options with one call, without long conditions and unnecessary code

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3 quick ways to merge dictionaries in Python 🐍

1️⃣ The operator | (Python 3.9+) — the most modern and elegant way. Creates a new dictionary.

dict1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
dict2 = {'b': 99, 'c': 4}

combined = dict1 | dict2
# Result: {'a': 1, 'b': 99, 'c': 4} (values of the second dictionary replace the first)

2️⃣ The in-place update operator |= (Python 3.9+) — if you need to modify the first dictionary in place.

dict1 |= dict2

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250+ Python DSA Coding Practice Test [Questions & Answers]

Python DSA Coding Interview Questions and Answers (Solution Code with Detailed Explanations) | Coding Practice Exercises…

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🔥 10 GitHub Repositories to Scrape Almost Any Website

1. Firecrawl
Turns entire websites into clean, AI-ready Markdown or structured data with just a few API calls. Perfect for feeding LLMs. 🤖

2. Crawl4AI
An open source python crawler built specifically for AI. Extracts clean, structured content optimized for LLMs. 🐍

3. Browser Use
AI Agent that control browsers like a human. It allows an AI agent to dynamically visually navigate, click elements, bypass popups, and extract data. 🖱️

4. Crawlee
A powerful scraping framework for building fast, reliable crawlers with support for Playwright, Puppeteer, and Cheerio. ⚡

5. Scrapy
One of the most popular Python frameworks for large-scale web scraping and crawling projects. 🕷️

6. MarkItDown
Converts PDFs, Office documents, HTML, and many other file types into clean Markdown for AI workflows. 📄

7. Scrapling
A modern Python scraping library that combines speed, browser automation, and smart parsing with a simple API. 🚀

8. Skyvern
An AI-powered scraping tool that dynamically solve CAPTCHAs, log into complex portals, and extract data without requiring any pre-defined HTML selectors or XPaths. 🔓

9. AutoScraper
Automatically learns how to extract similar data from web pages by showing it just a few examples. 🧠

10. curl-impersonate
Makes cURL mimic real browsers like Chrome and Safari to bypass bot detection and access protected websites more reliably. 🕵️

💡 Save this list for your next web scraping or AI automation project.

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**Today we will examine __call__ — a data filter object!** 🧠

It allows a class instance to work as a function, preserving the state and filtering rules. ⚙️

Let's create a filter for numbers that only passes even ones and strictly greater than a specified threshold:

class EvenFilter:
    def __init__(self, threshold):
        self.threshold = threshold

    def __call__(self, numbers):
        return [n for n in numbers if n % 2 == 0 and n > self.threshold]

Let's use the filter in practice:

f = EvenFilter(5)
nums = [1, 4, 6, 7, 10]
print(f(nums))  # [6, 10]

Now each instance can have its own rules:

f2 = EvenFilter(8)
print(f2(nums))  # [10]

🔥 So, __call__ turns an object into a "smart function" with memory and customizable logic. 💡

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collections.Counter — counting elements in a single line. 📊

Counting elements without loops with Counter 🔄

Do you need to count how many times each word appears in a text or how many duplicates there are in a list? Don't reinvent the wheel with for loops and dictionaries. The built-in collections module will do everything for you. 🚀

🛠 Code:

from collections import Counter

words = ["apple", "banana", "apple", "cherry", "banana", "apple"]
word_counts = Counter(words)

print(word_counts)
# Output: Counter({'apple': 3, 'banana': 2, 'cherry': 1})

# Bonus: the top 2 most frequent elements
print(word_counts.most_common(2))
# Output: [('apple', 3), ('banana', 2)]

Ideal for basic data analysis and solving tasks on LeetCode. 💻

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Search for a substring in Python 🐍

In this example, two simple ways of finding a substring in a string are shown, which allow to solve the task without unnecessary code 💻

# Example implementation
def find_substring(text, sub):
    return text.find(sub)

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What's the difference between is and == in Python?

The == operator checks whether the values of two objects are equal. In contrast, is determines whether variables refer to same object in memory. That is, == compares the content, while is checks the identity of the objects 🐍🔍

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💡 Replacing if-else with Match-Case

Starting with Python 3.10, we have a powerful tool: Structural Pattern Matching (match-case). This is not just an analog of switch-case from other languages; it's much more flexible. 🚀

Imagine you're writing a command handler for a bot. 🤖

❌ How NOT to do it:

def handle_command(command):
    if command == "start":
        return "Hello! I'm a bot."
    elif command == "help":
        return "Here's a list of available commands..."
    elif command == "stop":
        return "Goodbye!"
    else:
        return "Unknown command."

⚡ How to do it properly:

def handle_command(command):
    match command:
        case "start":
            return "Hello! I'm a bot."
        case "help":
            return "Here's a list of available commands..."
        case "stop":
            return "Goodbye!"
        case _:  # The underscore symbol catches everything else (default)
            return "Unknown command."

The code looks like a clear table, and your eye doesn't get caught up in a bunch of elif statements. 🧐
You can pass data structures in the case statements and check their structure and content on the fly. 🔍
It's easy to combine cases. 🧩

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✨ Unpacking the remaining elements 🧩

Sometimes you need to extract the first and last elements from a list, while grouping everything in the middle separately. Instead of struggling with slicing ([1:-1]), use the asterisk (*). ⭐️

data = ["CEO", "Middle Python Dev", "Junior Dev", "QA", "HR"]

# The asterisk automatically collects everything "extra" into a separate list.
boss, *team, hr = data

print(boss)    # CEO
print(team)    # ['Middle Python Dev', 'Junior Dev', 'QA']
print(hr)      # HR

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Cheat sheet on Python Frameworks:

Django: A full-featured web framework with built-in ORM, admin panel, and security features.

Flask: A lightweight microframework with a minimal set of features and high flexibility.

ORM & Admin: Built-in to Django, but need to be connected separately in Flask.

Security: Django has built-in security mechanisms, while in Flask, they need to be configured manually.

Testing: Django offers built-in testing tools, while Flask relies on third-party libraries.

Use Cases: Django is suitable for large and complex projects, while Flask is better for small applications, APIs, and prototypes.

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Complete Guide to Python Data Analysis with Real Datasets

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