Introduction to Rust

What is Rust?

Rust is a systems programming language designed for performance, reliability, and safety. It aims to provide memory safety without using a garbage collector, which makes it an excellent choice for system-level programming and performance-critical applications.

(we can also use it as general purpose)

Reasons to Use Rust -

Memory Safety:

Rust’s ownership model and borrow checker prevent common bugs like use-after-free and data races

Performance

:
Rust offers low-level control and high performance similar to C/C++ without sacrificing safety

Concurrency

Safe concurrency abstractions make it easier to write multi-threaded programs

Modern Language Features

Rust has a rich type system, pattern matching, and powerful abstract

Growing eco system:
An expanding set of libraries and tools support a variety of applications, from web development to embedded systems.

Install Rust in Windows

Download the Rust installer:

Visit the official Rust website: https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install
Click on the "Download rustup-init.exe" button.

Run the installer:
After downloading rustup-init
.exe, run it.


Follow the installation prompts:
The installer will guide you through the
setup process.

Add Rust to the system PATH (if not automatically done):

The installer typically handles this, but if not, ensure that Rust's cargo binary directory is added to yo

ur system's PATH.

Verify the installation

Open Command Prompt or PowerShell and run:

rustc --version 

You should see the Rust version installed.

How to install Rust On macOS and Linux:

Open a terminal.
Run the following command:

   curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
   

Follow the on-screen instructions: to install Rust. The installer will:
   - Download the required components.
   - Set up your environment.
   - Add cargo and rustc (Rust compiler) to your PATH.

Source your shell configurationon** (to immediately start using Rust without restarting the terminal):

   source $HOME/.cargo/env
   

#Verify the Installation:
After installation, you can verify it by checking the installed Rust version:

rustc --version

This should return the version of Rust installed.

Install Rust on Termux

Use just simple command:

pkg update
pkg install rust

Check installation

rustc --version

# Rust basic Code

fn main() {
    println!("Jay Shree Ganesha");
}

Like if you want more resources for Rust

How to Learn Java in 2024

1. Set Clear Goals:
   - Define your learning objectives. Do you want to build web applications, mobile apps, or work on enterprise-level software?


2. Choose a Structured Learning Path:
   - Follow a structured learning path that covers the fundamentals of Java, object-oriented programming principles, and essential libraries.


3. Start with the Basics:
   - Begin with the core concepts of Java, such as variables, data types, operators, and control flow statements.


4. Master Object-Oriented Programming:
   - Learn about classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.


5. Explore Java Libraries:
   - Familiarize yourself with commonly used Java libraries, such as those for input/output, networking, and data structures.


6. Practice Regularly:
   - Write code regularly to reinforce your understanding and identify areas where you need more practice.


7. Leverage Online Resources:
   - Utilize online courses, tutorials, and documentation to supplement your learning.


8. Join a Coding Community:
   - Engage with online coding communities and forums to ask questions, share knowledge, and collaborate on projects.


9. Build Projects:
   - Create simple projects to apply your skills and gain practical experience.


10. Stay Updated with Java Releases:
    - Keep up with the latest Java releases and updates to ensure your knowledge remains current.


11. Explore Frameworks and Tools:
    - Learn about popular Java frameworks and tools, such as Spring Boot, Maven, and IntelliJ IDEA.


12. Contribute to Open Source Projects:
    - Contribute to open source Java projects to gain real-world experience and showcase your skills.


13. Seek Feedback and Mentoring:
    - Seek feedback from experienced Java developers and consider mentorship opportunities to accelerate your learning.


14. Prepare for Certifications:
    - Consider pursuing Java certifications, such as the Oracle Certified Java Programmer (OCJP), to validate your skills.


15. Network with Java Developers:
    - Attend Java meetups, conferences, and online events to connect with other Java developers and learn from their experiences.

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Typical C++ interview questions sorted by experience

Junior:
- What are the key features of object-oriented programming in C++?
- Explain the differences between public, private, and protected access specifiers in C++.
- Distinguish between function overloading and overriding in C++.
- Compare and contrast abstract classes and interfaces in C++.
- Can an interface inherit from another interface in C++?
- Define the static keyword in C++ and its significance.
- Is it possible to override a static method in C++?
- Explain the concepts of polymorphism and inheritance in C++.
- Can constructors be inherited in C++?
- Discuss pass-by-reference and pass-by-value for objects in C++.
- Compare == and .equals for string comparison in C++.
- Explain the purposes of the hashCode() and equals() functions.
- What does the Serializable interface do? How is it related to Parcelable in Android?
- Differentiate between Array and ArrayList in C++. When would you use each?
- Explain the distinction between Integer and int in C++.
- Define ThreadPool and discuss its advantages over using simple threads.
- Differentiate between local, instance, and class variables in C++.

Mid:
- What is reflection in C++?
- Define dependency injection and name a few libraries. Have you used any?
- Explain strong, soft, and weak references in C++.
- Interpret the meaning of the synchronized keyword.
- Can memory leaks occur in C++?
- Is it necessary to set references to null in C++?
- Why is a String considered immutable?
- Discuss transient and volatile modifiers in C++.
- What is the purpose of the finalize() method?
- How does the try{} finally{} block work in C++?
- Explain the difference between object instantiation and initialization.
- Under what conditions is a static block executed in C++?
- Why are generics used in C++?
- Mention some design patterns you are familiar with. Which do you typically use?
- Name some types of testing methodologies in C++.

Senior:
- Explain how std::stoi (string to integer) works in C++.
- What is the "double-check locking" problem, and how can it be solved in C++?
- Differentiate between StringBuffer and StringBuilder in C++.
- How is StringBuilder implemented to avoid the immutable string allocation problem?
- Explain the purpose of the Class.forName method in C++.
- Define Autoboxing and Unboxing in C++.
- What's the difference between Enumeration and Iterator in C++?
- Explain the difference between fail-fast and fail-safe in C++.
- What is PermGen in C++?
- Describe a Java priority queue.
- How is performance influenced by using the same number in different types: Int, Double, and Float?
- Explain the concept of the Java Heap.
- What is a daemon thread?
- Can a dead thread be restarted in C++?

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Here are some interview preparation tips 👇👇

Technical Interview
1. Review Core Concepts:
  - Data Structures: Be comfortable with LinkedLists, Trees, Graphs, and their representations.
  - Algorithms: Brush up on searching and sorting algorithms, time complexities, and common algorithms (like Dijkstra’s or A*).
  - Programming Languages: Ensure you understand the language you are most comfortable with (e.g., C++, Java, Python) and know its standard library functions.

2. Practice Coding Problems:
  - Utilize platforms like LeetCode, HackerRank, or CodeSignal to practice medium-level coding questions. Focus on common patterns and problem-solving strategies.

3. Mock Interviews: Conduct mock technical interviews with peers or mentors to build confidence and receive feedback.

Personal Interview
1. Prepare Your Story:
  - Outline your educational journey, achievements, and any relevant projects. Emphasize experiences that demonstrate leadership, teamwork, and problem-solving skills.
  - Be ready to discuss your challenges and how you overcame them.

2. Articulate Your Goals:
  - Be clear about why you want to join the program and how it aligns with your career aspirations. Reflect on what you hope to gain from the experience.

- Focus on Fundamentals:
Be thorough with basic subjects like Operating Systems, Networking, OOP, and Databases. Clear concepts are key for technical interviews.

2. Common Interview Questions:

DSA:
- Implement various data structures like Linked Lists, Trees, Graphs, Stacks, and Queues.
- Understand searching and sorting algorithms: Binary Search, Merge Sort, Quick Sort, etc.
- Solve problems involving HashMaps, Sets, and other collections.

Sample DSA Questions
- Reverse a linked list.
- Find the first non-repeating character in a string.
- Detect a cycle in a graph.
- Implement a queue using two stacks.
- Find the lowest common ancestor in a binary tree.
 
3. Key Topics to Focus On

DSA:
- Arrays, Strings, Linked Lists, Trees, Graphs
- Recursion, Backtracking, Dynamic Programming
- Sorting and Searching Algorithms
- Time and Space Complexity

Core Subjects
- Operating Systems: Concepts like processes, threads, deadlocks, concurrency, and memory management.
- Database Management Systems (DBMS): Understanding SQL, Normalization, and database design.
- Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Know about inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and design patterns.
 
5. Tips
- Optimize Your Code: Write clean, optimized code. Discuss time and space complexities during interviews.
- Review Your Projects: Be ready to explain your past projects, the challenges you faced, and the technologies you used.....

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All the best 👍👍

You don’t need another course.

You need more action.

Stop learning, start doing.

10 Ways to Speed Up Your Python Code

1. List Comprehensions
numbers = [x**2 for x in range(100000) if x % 2 == 0]
instead of
numbers = []
for x in range(100000):
if x % 2 == 0:
numbers.append(x**2)

2. Use the Built-In Functions
Many of Python’s built-in functions are written in C, which makes them much faster than a pure python solution.

3. Function Calls Are Expensive
Function calls are expensive in Python. While it is often good practice to separate code into functions, there are times where you should be cautious about calling functions from inside of a loop. It is better to iterate inside a function than to iterate and call a function each iteration.

4. Lazy Module Importing
If you want to use the time.sleep() function in your code, you don't necessarily need to import the entire time package. Instead, you can just do from time import sleep and avoid the overhead of loading basically everything.

5. Take Advantage of Numpy
Numpy is a highly optimized library built with C. It is almost always faster to offload complex math to Numpy rather than relying on the Python interpreter.

6. Try Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing can bring large performance increases to a Python script, but it can be difficult to implement properly compared to other methods mentioned in this post.

7. Be Careful with Bulky Libraries
One of the advantages Python has over other programming languages is the rich selection of third-party libraries available to developers. But, what we may not always consider is the size of the library we are using as a dependency, which could actually decrease the performance of your Python code.

8. Avoid Global Variables
Python is slightly faster at retrieving local variables than global ones. It is simply best to avoid global variables when possible.

9. Try Multiple Solutions
Being able to solve a problem in multiple ways is nice. But, there is often a solution that is faster than the rest and sometimes it comes down to just using a different method or data structure.

10. Think About Your Data Structures
Searching a dictionary or set is insanely fast, but lists take time proportional to the length of the list. However, sets and dictionaries do not maintain order. If you care about the order of your data, you can’t make use of dictionaries or sets.

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All the best 👍👍

If you aspire to work in top product companies, here’s my advice:

👉 For SDE-1 or SWE positions, focus on:

✔️ Continuously upskilling and improving your abilities.
✔️ Developing strong problem-solving skills.
✔️Mastering DSA – trust me, you’ll be tested on it, so aim to excel.

Also, learn how to design scalable systems and understand how to build solutions that can handle growth in users and data.

👉 For higher-level roles (SDE-2 and SDE-3), focus on:

✔️ DSA + System Design (both LLD and HLD).
✔️ Building your leadership skills, as you’ll need to lead teams and projects.

🔸I know it’s challenging to do this while working full-time, but you’ll need to carve out time to consistently upskill yourself.

Remember, your learning plan should be sensible and well-organized.

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ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍

30-day roadmap to learn Java up to an intermediate level.

This roadmap is designed for beginners, so adjust your pace as needed.

Week 1: Java Basics
*Day 1-2:*
- Day 1: Get Java installed on your computer and set up your development environment.
- Day 2: Learn about Java's history, its role in programming, and write your first "Hello, World!" program.

*Day 3-4:*
- Day 3: Study Java syntax, data types, and variables.
- Day 4: Understand operators and perform basic arithmetic operations.

*Day 5-7:*
- Day 5: Explore control flow with if-else statements and loops (for and while).
- Day 6: Dive into switch statements and understand how to handle user choices.
- Day 7: Practice writing small programs that use conditions and loops.

Week 2: Functions and Object-Oriented Programming
*Day 8-9:*
- Day 8: Learn about functions (methods) and how to define your own functions in Java.
- Day 9: Study function parameters, return types, and method overloading.

*Day 10-12:*
- Day 10: Understand the basics of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Java.
- Day 11: Learn about classes, objects, and constructors.
- Day 12: Explore encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

*Day 13-14:*
- Day 13: Study Java packages and access modifiers (public, private, protected).
- Day 14: Practice creating classes and objects in real-world scenarios.

Week 3: Data Structures and Collections
*Day 15-17:*
- Day 15: Dive into arrays in Java and understand their usage.
- Day 16: Study Java's collection framework and ArrayList.
- Day 17: Learn about iterating through collections using loops and iterators.

*Day 18-19:*
- Day 18: Explore other collection types like LinkedList and HashMap.
- Day 19: Understand when to use different collection types in Java.

*Day 20-21:*
- Day 20: Study exception handling in Java and how to deal with errors.
- Day 21: Practice working with try-catch blocks and handling exceptions effectively.

Week 4: Intermediate Topics and Projects
*Day 22-23:*
- Day 22: Study file handling in Java, including reading and writing files.
- Day 23: Create a small project that involves file operations.

*Day 24-26:*
- Day 24: Learn about multithreading and how to create and manage threads in Java.
- Day 25: Study Java's built-in libraries for networking and socket programming.
- Day 26: Work on a project that involves multithreading or networking.

*Day 27-28:*
- Day 27: Explore more advanced Java topics like JavaFX for GUI development or JDBC for database connectivity.
- Day 28: Work on a more complex project that combines your knowledge from the past weeks.

*Day 29-30:*
- Day 29: Review and revisit any topics you found challenging.
- Day 30: Continue building projects and exploring areas of Java that interest you.

Consider joining Java communities and forums to seek help and advice. Java is a versatile language with many applications, so your learning journey can continue well beyond this roadmap. Good luck!

Beginner’s Roadmap to Learn Data Structures & Algorithms

1. Foundations: Start with the basics of programming and mathematical concepts to build a strong foundation.

2. Data Structure: Dive into essential data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues to organise and store data efficiently.

3. Searching & Sorting: Learn various search and sort techniques to optimise data retrieval and organisation.

4. Trees & Graphs: Understand the concepts of binary trees and graph representation to tackle complex hierarchical data.

5. Recursion: Grasp the principles of recursion and how to implement recursive algorithms for problem-solving.

6. Advanced Data Structures: Explore advanced structures like hashing, heaps, and hash maps to enhance data manipulation.

7. Algorithms: Master algorithms such as greedy, divide and conquer, and dynamic programming to solve intricate problems.

8. Advanced Topics: Delve into backtracking, string algorithms, and bit manipulation for a deeper understanding.

9. Problem Solving: Practice on coding platforms like LeetCode to sharpen your skills and solve real-world algorithmic challenges.

10. Projects & Portfolio: Build real-world projects and showcase your skills on GitHub to create an impressive portfolio.

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All the best 👍👍

Here's a good list of cheat sheets for programmers (all free):

Data Science Cheatsheet

https://github.com/aaronwangy/Data-Science-Cheatsheet

SQL Cheatsheet

sqltutorial.org/sql-cheat-sheet

t.iss.one/sqlspecialist/827

https://www.sqltutorial.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/SQL-cheat-sheet.pdf

Java Programming Cheatsheet

https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/11cheatsheet/

Javascript Cheatsheet

quickref.me/javascript.html

t.iss.one/javascript_courses/532

Data Analytics Cheatsheets

https://dataanalytics.beehiiv.com/p/data

Python Cheat sheet

quickref.me/python.html

https://t.iss.one/pythondevelopersindia/314

GIT and Machine Learning Cheatsheet

https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/714

HTML Cheatsheet

https://web.stanford.edu/group/csp/cs21/htmlcheatsheet.pdf

htmlcheatsheet.com

CSS Cheatsheet

htmlcheatsheet.com/css

jQuery Cheatsheet

t.iss.one/webdevelopmentbook/90

Data Visualization
t.iss.one/datasciencefun/698

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ENJOY LEARNING👍👍

Sample email template to reach out to HR’s as fresher

Hi Jasneet,

I recently came across your LinkedIn post seeking a React.js developer intern, and I am writing to express my interest in the position at Airtel. As a recent graduate, I am eager to begin my career and am excited about the opportunity.

I am a quick learner and have developed a strong set of dynamic and user-friendly web applications using various technologies, including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Bootstrap, React.js, Vue.js, PHP, and MySQL. I am also well-versed in creating reusable components, implementing responsive designs, and ensuring cross-browser compatibility.

I am confident that my eagerness to learn and strong work ethic will make me an asset to your team.

I have attached my resume for your review. Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Thanks!

I hope you will found this helpful 🙂

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If you're a job seeker, these well structured resources will help you to know and learn all the real time Python Interview questions with their exact answer. Folks who are having 0-4 years of experience have cracked the interview using this guide!

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How can you stand out as a software engineer?

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• Learn unit testing.
• Learn CI/CD pipelines.
• Learn automation tools.
• Learn performance tuning.
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Free Resources to learn C & C++ Programming
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Don't overwhelm to learn Git,🙌

Git is only this much👇😇

1.Core:
• git init
• git clone
• git add
• git commit
• git status
• git diff
• git checkout
• git reset
• git log
• git show
• git tag
• git push
• git pull

2.Branching:
• git branch
• git checkout -b
• git merge
• git rebase
• git branch --set-upstream-to
• git branch --unset-upstream
• git cherry-pick

3.Merging:
• git merge
• git rebase

4.Stashing:
• git stash
• git stash pop
• git stash list
• git stash apply
• git stash drop

5.Remotes:
• git remote
• git remote add
• git remote remove
• git fetch
• git pull
• git push
• git clone --mirror

6.Configuration:
• git config
• git global config
• git reset config

7. Plumbing:
• git cat-file
• git checkout-index
• git commit-tree
• git diff-tree
• git for-each-ref
• git hash-object
• git ls-files
• git ls-remote
• git merge-tree
• git read-tree
• git rev-parse
• git show-branch
• git show-ref
• git symbolic-ref
• git tag --list
• git update-ref

8.Porcelain:
• git blame
• git bisect
• git checkout
• git commit
• git diff
• git fetch
• git grep
• git log
• git merge
• git push
• git rebase
• git reset
• git show
• git tag

9.Alias:
• git config --global alias.<alias> <command>

10.Hook:
• git config --local core.hooksPath <path>

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