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Coding interview questions with concise answers for software roles:

1๏ธโƒฃ What happens when you type a URL and hit Enter?
Answer:
- DNS Lookup โ†’ IP address
- Browser sends HTTP/HTTPS request
- Server responds with HTML/CSS/JS
- Browser builds DOM, applies styles (CSSOM), runs JS
- Page is rendered


2๏ธโƒฃ Difference between var, let, and const?
Answer:
- var: function-scoped, hoisted
- let: block-scoped, not hoisted
- const: block-scoped, canโ€™t be reassigned


3๏ธโƒฃ Reverse a String in JavaScript
function reverseString(str) {
return str.split('').reverse().join('');
}

4๏ธโƒฃ Find the max number in an array
const max = Math.max(...arr);

5๏ธโƒฃ Write a function to check if a number is prime
function isPrime(n) {
if (n < 2) return false;
for (let i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i++) {
if (n % i === 0) return false;
}
return true;
}

6๏ธโƒฃ What is closure in JavaScript?
Answer:
A function that remembers variables from its outer scope even after the outer function has returned.

7๏ธโƒฃ What is event delegation?
Answer:
Attaching a single event listener to a parent element to manage events on its children using event.target.

8๏ธโƒฃ Difference between == and ===
Answer:
- == checks value (with type coercion)
- === checks value + type (strict comparison)

9๏ธโƒฃ What is the Virtual DOM?
Answer:
A lightweight copy of the real DOM used in React. React updates the virtual DOM first and then applies only the changes to the real DOM for efficiency.

๐Ÿ”Ÿ Write code to remove duplicates from an array
const uniqueArr = [...new Set(arr)];

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โœ… 10 Key Programming Differences! ๐Ÿ’ป๐Ÿš€

1๏ธโƒฃ Python 2 vs Python 3
โžก๏ธ Python 2: Legacy, no updates
โžก๏ธ Python 3: Modern, better syntax support
๐Ÿ“Œ Always use Python 3 for new projects.

2๏ธโƒฃ Static vs Dynamic Typing
โžก๏ธ Static: Type declared (e.g., Java, C++)
โžก๏ธ Dynamic: Type inferred at runtime (e.g., Python, JavaScript)
๐Ÿ“Œ Static = fewer bugs, Dynamic = faster dev

3๏ธโƒฃ Abstraction vs Encapsulation
โžก๏ธ Abstraction: Hides complexity
โžก๏ธ Encapsulation: Hides data
๐Ÿ“Œ Abstraction = "What", Encapsulation = "How"

4๏ธโƒฃ REST vs SOAP (APIs)
โžก๏ธ REST: Lightweight, uses HTTP
โžก๏ธ SOAP: Protocol, strict rules
๐Ÿ“Œ REST is more common today

5๏ธโƒฃ SQL vs NoSQL
โžก๏ธ SQL: Structured data, tables (e.g., MySQL)
โžก๏ธ NoSQL: Unstructured, scalable (e.g., MongoDB)
๐Ÿ“Œ SQL = Relational, NoSQL = Flexible

6๏ธโƒฃ For Loop vs While Loop
โžก๏ธ For: Known iterations
โžก๏ธ While: Unknown, condition-based
๐Ÿ“Œ Use for when count is known.

7๏ธโƒฃ Function vs Method
โžก๏ธ Function: Independent block
โžก๏ธ Method: Function inside class
๐Ÿ“Œ All methods are functions, not vice versa

8๏ธโƒฃ Frontend vs Backend
โžก๏ธ Frontend: User interface (HTML, CSS, JS)
โžก๏ธ Backend: Server logic, DB (Node.js, Python, etc.)
๐Ÿ“Œ Frontend = what users see

9๏ธโƒฃ Procedural vs OOP
โžก๏ธ Procedural: Functions logic
โžก๏ธ OOP: Objects, classes
๐Ÿ“Œ OOP = more modular reusable

๐Ÿ”Ÿ Null vs Undefined (JavaScript)
โžก๏ธ Null: Assigned empty value
โžก๏ธ Undefined: Variable declared, not assigned
๐Ÿ“Œ typeof null is 'object', quirky but true!

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โœ… Core Data Structures Part 2 โ€“ Stacks Queues ๐Ÿ“š๐Ÿ“ฅ๐Ÿ“ค

Stacks and queues are fundamental linear data structures used in many algorithms and real-world applications like undo operations, task scheduling, and more.

1๏ธโƒฃ What is a Stack?
A Stack is a Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) structure.
Think of a stack of plates: you add (push) and remove (pop) from the top.

Operations:
โ€ข push(item) โ€“ Add item to the top
โ€ข pop() โ€“ Remove item from the top
โ€ข peek() โ€“ View top item without removing
โ€ข is_empty() โ€“ Check if stack is empty

Python Implementation (Using List)
stack = []

# Push
stack.append(10)
stack.append(20)

# Pop
print(stack.pop()) # 20

# Peek
print(stack[-1]) # 10

# Check empty
print(len(stack) == 0)


2๏ธโƒฃ What is a Queue?
A Queue is a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) structure.
Think of a line at a ticket counter: first come, first served.

Operations:
โ€ข enqueue(item) โ€“ Add item to the rear
โ€ข dequeue() โ€“ Remove item from the front
โ€ข peek() โ€“ View front item
โ€ข is_empty() โ€“ Check if queue is empty

Python Implementation (Using collections.deque)
from collections import deque

queue = deque()

# Enqueue
queue.append(10)
queue.append(20)

# Dequeue
print(queue.popleft()) # 10

# Peek
print(queue[0]) # 20

# Check empty
print(len(queue) == 0)


3๏ธโƒฃ Stack Using Linked List (Python)
class Node:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.next = None

class Stack:
def __init__(self):
self.top = None

def push(self, data):
node = Node(data)
node.next = self.top
self.top = node

def pop(self):
if not self.top:
return None
data = self.top.data
self.top = self.top.next
return data


4๏ธโƒฃ Queue Using Linked List (Python)
class Node:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.next = None

class Queue:
def __init__(self):
self.front = self.rear = None

def enqueue(self, data):
node = Node(data)
if not self.rear:
self.front = self.rear = node
else:
self.rear.next = node
self.rear = node

def dequeue(self):
if not self.front:
return None
data = self.front.data
self.front = self.front.next
if not self.front:
self.rear = None
return data


๐Ÿ“ Practice Tasks
1. Implement a stack using a list
2. Implement a queue using a list
3. Reverse a string using a stack
4. Check for balanced parentheses using a stack
5. Simulate a queue using two stacks

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You donโ€™t need to be a LeetCode grandmaster.
But data science interviews still test your problem-solving mindsetโ€”and these 5 types of challenges are the ones that actually matter.

Hereโ€™s what to focus on (with examples) ๐Ÿ‘‡

๐Ÿ”น 1. String Manipulation (Common in Data Cleaning)

โœ… Parse messy columns (e.g., split โ€œName_Age_Cityโ€)
โœ… Regex to extract phone numbers, emails, URLs
โœ… Remove stopwords or HTML tags in text data

Example: Clean up a scraped dataset from LinkedIn bias

๐Ÿ”น 2. GroupBy and Aggregation with Pandas

โœ… Group sales data by product/region
โœ… Calculate avg, sum, count using .groupby()
โœ… Handle missing values smartly

Example: โ€œWhatโ€™s the top-selling product in each region?โ€

๐Ÿ”น 3. SQL Join + Window Functions

โœ… INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN to merge tables
โœ… ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), LEAD(), LAG() for trends
โœ… Use CTEs to break complex queries

Example: โ€œGet 2nd highest salary in each departmentโ€

๐Ÿ”น 4. Data Structures: Lists, Dicts, Sets in Python

โœ… Use dictionaries to map, filter, and count
โœ… Remove duplicates with sets
โœ… List comprehensions for clean solutions

Example: โ€œCount frequency of hashtags in tweetsโ€

๐Ÿ”น 5. Basic Algorithms (Not DP or Graphs)

โœ… Sliding window for moving averages
โœ… Two pointers for duplicate detection
โœ… Binary search in sorted arrays

Example: โ€œDetect if a pair of values sum to 100โ€

๐ŸŽฏ Tip: Practice challenges that feel like real-world data work, not textbook CS exams.

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Hackerrank (SQL + Python)
Kaggle Code

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