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Date :- 11th January 2026
โค1
โœ… DSA Part 4 โ€“ Strings: Patterns, Hashing & Two Pointers ๐Ÿ”ค๐Ÿงฉโšก

Strings are everywhereโ€”from passwords to DNA sequences. Mastering string manipulation unlocks powerful algorithms in pattern matching, text processing, and optimization.

1๏ธโƒฃ What is a String?
A string is a sequence of characters. In most languages, strings are immutable and indexed like arrays.

Python Example:
s = "hello"
print(s[1]) # Output: 'e'

C++ Example:
string s = "hello";
cout << s[1]; // Output: 'e'

Java Example:
String s = "hello";
System.out.println(s.charAt(1)); // Output: 'e'

2๏ธโƒฃ Common String Operations:
โ€ข Concatenation
โ€ข Substring
โ€ข Comparison
โ€ข Reversal
โ€ข Search
โ€ข Replace

Python โ€“ Reversal:
s = "hello"
print(s[::-1]) # Output: 'olleh'

C++ โ€“ Substring:
string s = "hello";
cout << s.substr(1, 3); // Output: 'ell'

Java โ€“ Replace:
String s = "hello";
System.out.println(s.replace("l", "x")); // Output: 'hexxo'

3๏ธโƒฃ Pattern Matching โ€“ Naive vs Efficient
Naive Approach: Check every substring
Efficient: Use hashing or KMP (Knuth-Morris-Pratt)

Python โ€“ Naive Pattern Search:
def search(text, pattern):
for i in range(len(text) - len(pattern) + 1):
if text[i:i+len(pattern)] == pattern:
print(f"Found at index {i}")

search("abracadabra", "abra") # Output: Found at index 0, 7

4๏ธโƒฃ Hashing for Fast Lookup
Use hash maps to store character counts, frequencies, or indices.

Python โ€“ First Unique Character:
from collections import Counter

def first_unique_char(s):
count = Counter(s)
for i, ch in enumerate(s):
if count[ch] == 1:
return i
return -1

print(first_unique_char("leetcode")) # Output: 0

5๏ธโƒฃ Two Pointers Technique
Used for problems like palindromes, anagrams, or substring windows.

Python โ€“ Valid Palindrome:
def is_palindrome(s):
s = ''.join(filter(str.isalnum, s)).lower()
left, right = 0, len(s) - 1
while left < right:
if s[left] != s[right]:
return False
left += 1
right -= 1
return True

print(is_palindrome("A man, a plan, a canal: Panama")) # Output: True

6๏ธโƒฃ Practice Tasks:
โœ… Implement pattern search (naive)
โœ… Find first non-repeating character
โœ… Check if a string is a palindrome
โœ… Use two pointers to reverse vowels in a string
โœ… Try Rabin-Karp or KMP for pattern matching

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โœ… DSA Part 5 โ€“ Linked Lists: Single, Double & Reverse ๐Ÿ”๐Ÿ”—๐Ÿ“š

Linked Lists are dynamic data structures ideal for scenarios requiring frequent insertions and deletions. Unlike arrays, they donโ€™t need contiguous memory and offer flexible memory usage.

1๏ธโƒฃ What is a Linked List?
A Linked List is a linear data structure where each element (node) contains:
- Data
- Pointer to the next node (and optionally the previous node)

Types:
- Singly Linked List: Each node points to the next
- Doubly Linked List: Nodes point to both next and previous
- Circular Linked List: Last node points back to the head

2๏ธโƒฃ Singly Linked List โ€“ Basic Structure

Python
class Node:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.next = None


Java
class Node {
    int data;
    Node next;
    Node(int data) {
        this.data = data;
        this.next = null;
    }
}


C++
struct Node {
    int data;
    Node* next;
    Node(int data): data(data), next(nullptr) {}
};


3๏ธโƒฃ Insert at Head (Singly)

Python
def insert_head(head, data):
    new_node = Node(data)
    new_node.next = head
    return new_node


Java
Node insertHead(Node head, int data) {
    Node newNode = new Node(data);
    newNode.next = head;
    return newNode;
}


C++
Node* insertHead(Node* head, int data) {
    Node* newNode = new Node(data);
    newNode->next = head;
    return newNode;
}


4๏ธโƒฃ Doubly Linked List โ€“ Bi-directional Pointers

Python
class DNode:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.prev = None
        self.next = None


Java
class DNode {
    int data;
    DNode prev, next;
    DNode(int data) {
        this.data = data;
    }
}


C++
struct DNode {
    int data;
    DNode* prev;
    DNode* next;
    DNode(int data): data(data), prev(nullptr), next(nullptr) {}
};


5๏ธโƒฃ Insert at Head (Doubly)

Python
def insert_head(head, data):
    new_node = DNode(data)
    new_node.next = head
    if head:
        head.prev = new_node
    return new_node


Java
DNode insertHead(DNode head, int data) {
    DNode newNode = new DNode(data);
    newNode.next = head;
    if (head != null) head.prev = newNode;
    return newNode;
}


C++
DNode* insertHead(DNode* head, int data) {
    DNode* newNode = new DNode(data);
    newNode->next = head;
    if (head) head->prev = newNode;
    return newNode;
}


6๏ธโƒฃ Reversing a Singly Linked List

Python
def reverse_list(head):
    prev = None
    current = head
    while current:
        next_node = current.next
        current.next = prev
        prev = current
        current = next_node
    return prev


Java
Node reverseList(Node head) {
    Node prev = null, current = head;
    while (current != null) {
        Node next = current.next;
        current.next = prev;
        prev = current;
        current = next;
    }
    return prev;
}


C++
Node* reverseList(Node* head) {
    Node* prev = nullptr;
    Node* current = head;
    while (current) {
        Node* next = current->next;
        current->next = prev;
        prev = current;
        current = next;
    }
    return prev;
}


7๏ธโƒฃ Why Use Linked Lists?
โœ… Dynamic memory allocation
โœ… Efficient insert/delete (O(1) at head/tail)
โŒ Slower access (O(n) for random access)
โœ… Great for implementing stacks, queues, hash maps, etc.

8๏ธโƒฃ Practice Tasks
โœ… Implement singly linked list with insert/delete
โœ… Implement doubly linked list with insert at tail
โœ… Reverse a singly linked list
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Coding interview questions with concise answers for software roles:

1๏ธโƒฃ What happens when you type a URL and hit Enter?
Answer:
- DNS Lookup โ†’ IP address
- Browser sends HTTP/HTTPS request
- Server responds with HTML/CSS/JS
- Browser builds DOM, applies styles (CSSOM), runs JS
- Page is rendered


2๏ธโƒฃ Difference between var, let, and const?
Answer:
- var: function-scoped, hoisted
- let: block-scoped, not hoisted
- const: block-scoped, canโ€™t be reassigned


3๏ธโƒฃ Reverse a String in JavaScript
function reverseString(str) {
return str.split('').reverse().join('');
}

4๏ธโƒฃ Find the max number in an array
const max = Math.max(...arr);

5๏ธโƒฃ Write a function to check if a number is prime
function isPrime(n) {
if (n < 2) return false;
for (let i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i++) {
if (n % i === 0) return false;
}
return true;
}

6๏ธโƒฃ What is closure in JavaScript?
Answer:
A function that remembers variables from its outer scope even after the outer function has returned.

7๏ธโƒฃ What is event delegation?
Answer:
Attaching a single event listener to a parent element to manage events on its children using event.target.

8๏ธโƒฃ Difference between == and ===
Answer:
- == checks value (with type coercion)
- === checks value + type (strict comparison)

9๏ธโƒฃ What is the Virtual DOM?
Answer:
A lightweight copy of the real DOM used in React. React updates the virtual DOM first and then applies only the changes to the real DOM for efficiency.

๐Ÿ”Ÿ Write code to remove duplicates from an array
const uniqueArr = [...new Set(arr)];

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โœ… 10 Key Programming Differences! ๐Ÿ’ป๐Ÿš€

1๏ธโƒฃ Python 2 vs Python 3
โžก๏ธ Python 2: Legacy, no updates
โžก๏ธ Python 3: Modern, better syntax support
๐Ÿ“Œ Always use Python 3 for new projects.

2๏ธโƒฃ Static vs Dynamic Typing
โžก๏ธ Static: Type declared (e.g., Java, C++)
โžก๏ธ Dynamic: Type inferred at runtime (e.g., Python, JavaScript)
๐Ÿ“Œ Static = fewer bugs, Dynamic = faster dev

3๏ธโƒฃ Abstraction vs Encapsulation
โžก๏ธ Abstraction: Hides complexity
โžก๏ธ Encapsulation: Hides data
๐Ÿ“Œ Abstraction = "What", Encapsulation = "How"

4๏ธโƒฃ REST vs SOAP (APIs)
โžก๏ธ REST: Lightweight, uses HTTP
โžก๏ธ SOAP: Protocol, strict rules
๐Ÿ“Œ REST is more common today

5๏ธโƒฃ SQL vs NoSQL
โžก๏ธ SQL: Structured data, tables (e.g., MySQL)
โžก๏ธ NoSQL: Unstructured, scalable (e.g., MongoDB)
๐Ÿ“Œ SQL = Relational, NoSQL = Flexible

6๏ธโƒฃ For Loop vs While Loop
โžก๏ธ For: Known iterations
โžก๏ธ While: Unknown, condition-based
๐Ÿ“Œ Use for when count is known.

7๏ธโƒฃ Function vs Method
โžก๏ธ Function: Independent block
โžก๏ธ Method: Function inside class
๐Ÿ“Œ All methods are functions, not vice versa

8๏ธโƒฃ Frontend vs Backend
โžก๏ธ Frontend: User interface (HTML, CSS, JS)
โžก๏ธ Backend: Server logic, DB (Node.js, Python, etc.)
๐Ÿ“Œ Frontend = what users see

9๏ธโƒฃ Procedural vs OOP
โžก๏ธ Procedural: Functions logic
โžก๏ธ OOP: Objects, classes
๐Ÿ“Œ OOP = more modular reusable

๐Ÿ”Ÿ Null vs Undefined (JavaScript)
โžก๏ธ Null: Assigned empty value
โžก๏ธ Undefined: Variable declared, not assigned
๐Ÿ“Œ typeof null is 'object', quirky but true!

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