Common Programming Interview Questions

How do you reverse a string?
How do you determine if a string is a palindrome?
How do you calculate the number of numerical digits in a string?
How do you find the count for the occurrence of a particular character in a string?
How do you find the non-matching characters in a string?
How do you find out if the two given strings are anagrams?
How do you calculate the number of vowels and consonants in a string?
How do you total all of the matching integer elements in an array?
How do you reverse an array?
How do you find the maximum element in an array?
How do you sort an array of integers in ascending order?
How do you print a Fibonacci sequence using recursion?
How do you calculate the sum of two integers?
How do you find the average of numbers in a list?
How do you check if an integer is even or odd?
How do you find the middle element of a linked list?
How do you remove a loop in a linked list?
How do you merge two sorted linked lists?
How do you implement binary search to find an element in a sorted array?
How do you print a binary tree in vertical order?

Conceptual Coding Interview Questions

What is a data structure?
What is an array?
What is a linked list?
What is the difference between an array and a linked list?
What is LIFO?
What is FIFO?
What is a stack?
What are binary trees?
What are binary search trees?
What is object-oriented programming?
What is the purpose of a loop in programming?
What is a conditional statement?
What is debugging?
What is recursion?
What are the differences between linear and non-linear data structures?


General Coding Interview Questions

What programming languages do you have experience working with?
Describe a time you faced a challenge in a project you were working on and how you overcame it.
Walk me through a project you’re currently or have recently worked on.
Give an example of a project you worked on where you had to learn a new programming language or technology. How did you go about learning it?
How do you ensure your code is readable by other developers?
What are your interests outside of programming?
How do you keep your skills sharp and up to date?
How do you collaborate on projects with non-technical team members?
Tell me about a time when you had to explain a complex technical concept to a non-technical team member.
How do you get started on a new coding project?

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Coding is 30% typing, 70% understanding why what you typed doesn't work.

JavaScript, TypeScript, Python, Java, Go, Ruby, Rust, Ook!, PHP, or whatever else...

A programming language doesn't matter as long as it gets the job done. Period.

System Design Cheat Sheet

How to Learn Java in 2024

1. Set Clear Goals:
   - Define your learning objectives. Do you want to build web applications, mobile apps, or work on enterprise-level software?


2. Choose a Structured Learning Path:
   - Follow a structured learning path that covers the fundamentals of Java, object-oriented programming principles, and essential libraries.


3. Start with the Basics:
   - Begin with the core concepts of Java, such as variables, data types, operators, and control flow statements.


4. Master Object-Oriented Programming:
   - Learn about classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.


5. Explore Java Libraries:
   - Familiarize yourself with commonly used Java libraries, such as those for input/output, networking, and data structures.


6. Practice Regularly:
   - Write code regularly to reinforce your understanding and identify areas where you need more practice.


7. Leverage Online Resources:
   - Utilize online courses, tutorials, and documentation to supplement your learning.


8. Join a Coding Community:
   - Engage with online coding communities and forums to ask questions, share knowledge, and collaborate on projects.


9. Build Projects:
   - Create simple projects to apply your skills and gain practical experience.


10. Stay Updated with Java Releases:
    - Keep up with the latest Java releases and updates to ensure your knowledge remains current.


11. Explore Frameworks and Tools:
    - Learn about popular Java frameworks and tools, such as Spring Boot, Maven, and IntelliJ IDEA.


12. Contribute to Open Source Projects:
    - Contribute to open source Java projects to gain real-world experience and showcase your skills.


13. Seek Feedback and Mentoring:
    - Seek feedback from experienced Java developers and consider mentorship opportunities to accelerate your learning.


14. Prepare for Certifications:
    - Consider pursuing Java certifications, such as the Oracle Certified Java Programmer (OCJP), to validate your skills.


15. Network with Java Developers:
    - Attend Java meetups, conferences, and online events to connect with other Java developers and learn from their experiences.

100+ Practice Questions

❍ C/C++
❍ Python
❍ JavaScript
❍ Java
❍ C#
❍ Golang

➊ Simple Numbers

➀ Find a digit at a specific place in a number
➁ Find count of digits in a number
➂ Find the largest digit
➃ Find the 2nd largest digit
➄ Find the kth largest digit
➅ Find the smallest digit
➆ Find the 2nd smallest digit
➇ Find the kth smallest digit
➈ Find generic root (sum of all digits) of a number
➉ Reverse the digits in a number
➀➀ Rotate the digits in a number
➀➁ Is the number a palindrome?
➀➂ Find sum of 'n' numbers
➀➃ Check if a number is perfect square
➀➄ Find a number in an AP sequence
➀➅ Find a number in a GP sequence
➀➆ Find a number in fibonacci sequence
➀➇ Check number divisibility by 2, 3, 5, 9
➀➈ Check if a number is primary or not
20. Given a number, print all primes smaller than it
➁➀ Check if a number is circular prime or not
➁➁ Find all prime factors of a number
➁➂ Find the GCD of 2 numbers
➁➃ Find the LCM of 2 numbers
➁➄ Find the factorial of a number
➁➅ Find the exponentiation of a number

➋ Unit Conversion

➀ Number Base (Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, Decimal)
➁ Weight (gram, kg, pound)
➂ Height (cm, m, inch, feet)
➃ Temperature (centigrade, fahrenhite)
➄ Distance (km, mile)
➅ Area (m², km², acre)
➆ Volume (ltr, gallon)
➇ Time (sec, min, hour)
➈ Currency

➌ Calculator

➀ Loan EMI Calculator
➁ Fixed Deposit Returns Calculator
➂ Interest Calculator
➃ BMI Calculator
➄ Item Price (considering tax, discount, shipping)
➅ Tip Calculator

➍ Geometry

➀ Find distance between 2 points
➁ Given 2 sides of a right angle triangle, find the 3rd
➂ Find 3rd angle of a triangle when 2 are given
➃ Area of a triangle when 3 sides are given
➄ Area of a right angle triangle
➅ Perimeter of a Square
➆ Area of a Square
➇ Perimeter of a Rectangle
➈ Area of a Rectangle
➉ Circumference of a Circle
➀➀ Area of a Circle
➀➁ Circumference of a Semi-Circle
➀➂ Area of a Semi-Circle
➀➃ Area of a Ring
➀➄ Circumference of an Ellipse
➀➅ Area of an Ellipse
➀➆ Suface Area of a Sphere
➀➇ Volume of a Sphere
➀➈ Surface Area of a Hemisphere
20. Volume of a Hemisphere
➁➀ Surface area of a Cube
➁➁ Volume of a Cube
➁➂ Surface area of a Cylinder
➁➃ Volume of a Cylinder

➎ Vector

➀ Find Scalar Multiplication of a vector
➁ Find addition/subtraction of vectors
➂ Find magnitude of a vector
➃ Find an unit vector along a given vector
➄ Find dot product of 2 vectors
➅ Find cross product of 2 vectors
➆ Check if 2 vectors are orthogonal

➏ Matrix

➀ Find the determinant of a matrix
➁ Find Scalar Multiplication of a matrix
➂ Find addition/subtraction of matrices
➃ Find the transpose of a matrix
➄ Find if 2 matrices are orthogonal
➅ Find inverse of a 2x2 and 3x3 matrix

➐ Set

➀ Find Union of 2 sets
➁ Find Intersection of 2 sets
➂ Find the Difference of 2 sets
➃ Find the Symmetric Difference of 2 sets
➄ Find if a set is subset/superset of another set
➅ Find if 2 sets are disjoints

➑ Special Numbers

➀ Strong Number
➁ Perfect Number
➂ Armstrong Number
➃ Harshad Number
➄ Kaprekar Number
➅ Lychrel Number
➆ Narcissistic Decimal Number
➇ Lucus Number
➈ Catalan Number
➉ Duck Number
➀➀ Ugly Number
➀➁ Abundant Number
➀➂ Deficient Number
➀➃ Automorphic Number
➀➄ Magic Number
➀➅ Friendly Pair Numbers
➀➆ Neon Number
➀➇ Spy Number
➀➈ Happy Number
20. Sunny Number
➁➀ Disarium Number
➁➁ Pronic Number
➁➂ Trimorphic Number
➁➃ Evil Number
➁➄ Amicable Pairs

⬘ If you want to excel in programming, practice a lot.

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⬙ Problems based on numbers are easy to start with and they help in improving your analytical skills.

_Operating System RoadMap
|
|-- Kernel
| |-- Memory Management
| | |-- Paging
| | |-- Segmentation
| | |-- Virtual Memory
| |
| |-- Process Management
| | |-- Process Scheduling
| | |-- Inter-Process Communication (IPC)
| | |-- Threads
| |
| |-- File System
| | |-- File I/O
| | |-- Directory Structure
| | |-- File Permissions
| |
| |-- Device Drivers
| | |-- Communication with Hardware
| | |-- Input/Output (I/O)
| |
| |-- System Calls
| |-- Interface to Kernel Functionality
| |-- Examples: open(), read(), write(), etc.
|
|-- Memory Management
| |-- RAM
| | |-- Stack
| | |-- Heap
| | |-- Data Segment
| | |-- Code Segment
| |
| |-- Cache
| | |-- L1, L2, L3 Caches
| |
| |-- Virtual Memory
| |-- Page Table
| |-- Page Replacement Algorithms
| |-- Swapping
|
|-- File System
| |-- File Organization
| |-- File Allocation Table (FAT)
| |-- Inodes
| |-- File Access Methods
|
|-- Networking
| |-- TCP/IP
| |-- Protocols
| |-- Network Stack
| |-- Routing
| |-- Firewalls
|
|-- Security
| |-- Authentication
| |-- Authorization
| |-- Encryption
| |-- Access Control Lists (ACL)
|
|-- Process Management
| |-- PCB (Process Control Block)
| |-- Context Switching
| |-- Deadlocks
| |-- Synchronization
| |-- Mutual Exclusion
|
|-- Device Management
| |-- I/O Buffering
| |-- Device Controllers
| |-- Interrupt Handling
| |-- DMA (Direct Memory Access)
|
|-- User Interface
| |-- Graphical User Interface (GUI)
| |-- Command Line Interface (CLI)
| |-- Windowing Systems
|
|-- Shell
| |-- Command Interpreter
| |-- Scripting
| |-- Job Control
|
|-- System Utilities
| |-- Task Manager
| |-- Disk Cleanup
| |-- System Monitor
| |-- Backup and Restore
|
|-- Boot Process
| |-- BIOS/UEFI
| |-- Boot Loader
| |-- Kernel Initialization
| |-- Init Process
|
|-- System Libraries
| |-- Standard C Library
| |-- POSIX Library
| |-- WinAPI (for Windows)
|
|-- System Calls
| |-- File System Calls
| |-- Process Control Calls
| |-- Memory Management Calls
| |-- Communication Calls
|
|-- Error Handling
| |-- Error Codes
| |-- Logging
| |-- Recovery Strategies
|
|-- Distributed Systems
| |-- Clustering
| |-- Load Balancing
| |-- Distributed File Systems
|
|-- Cloud Computing
| |-- Virtualization
| |-- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
| |-- Platform as a Service (PaaS)
| |-- Software as a Service (SaaS)
|
└-- Comments
|-- // Single-line comment
└-- /* Multi-line comment */

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Best Code Editors for Python

you're a Programmer,
you hit an issue,
you Google it,
every link is purple.

Git commands cheat sheet

This is not the most effective or efficient tip for beginners.

But if you're just starting to code, don't copy-paste everything. Many instructors will tell you to save time by copy-pasting code, but you should really get that muscle memory for typing out code.

Ofcourse no one says rewrite the entire gigantic code block or file, but try to write independently and see how your ability to recognize patterns and potential errors develops as well.

Fundamentals don't change, tools do.

Your tools will change:
- Programming languages
- Frameworks
- Libraries
- IDEs

The fundamentals will not.

Great software engineers are always language agnostic.

🏆 – Android Developer 🧵

Stage 1 – Java Basics / Kotlin.
Stage 2 – XML Layouts + Project ( Design UI using )
Stage 3 – Git + GitHub ( version control )
Stage 4 – Android Components + Project
Stage 5 – Java Advanced Concepts + Project
Stage 6 – API Integration + Project.
Stage 7 – SQLite + Room Database + Project
Stage 8 – Firebase Integration + Project

Here is an A-Z list of essential programming concepts:

A - Algorithms
B - Boolean Logic
C - Control Structures
D - Data Structures
E - Encapsulation
F - Functions
G - Generics
H - High-level vs. Low-level Languages
I - Inheritance
J - JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
K - Key-Value Pair
L - Loops
M - Modularity
N - Null Pointer
O - Object-Oriented Programming
P - Polymorphism
Q - Queue (Data Structure)
R - Recursion
S - Sorting Algorithms
T - Time Complexity
U - Unit Testing
V - Variables
W - Web Development Basics
X - XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
Y - YAML (YAML Ain't Markup Language)
Z - Zero-Based Indexing

These concepts are fundamental to understanding and writing code effectively. They form the building blocks of programming knowledge and are essential for creating robust and efficient software solutions.

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Here is an A-Z list of essential programming terms:

1. Array: A data structure that stores a collection of elements of the same type in contiguous memory locations.

2. Boolean: A data type that represents true or false values.

3. Conditional Statement: A statement that executes different code based on a condition.

4. Debugging: The process of identifying and fixing errors or bugs in a program.

5. Exception: An event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the normal flow of instructions.

6. Function: A block of code that performs a specific task and can be called multiple times in a program.

7. GUI (Graphical User Interface): A visual way for users to interact with a computer program using graphical elements like windows, buttons, and menus.

8. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): The standard markup language used to create web pages.

9. Integer: A data type that represents whole numbers without any fractional part.

10. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation): A lightweight data interchange format commonly used for transmitting data between a server and a web application.

11. Loop: A programming construct that allows repeating a block of code multiple times.

12. Method: A function that is associated with an object in object-oriented programming.

13. Null: A special value that represents the absence of a value.

14. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): A programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects" that encapsulate data and behavior.

15. Pointer: A variable that stores the memory address of another variable.

16. Queue: A data structure that follows the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle.

17. Recursion: A programming technique where a function calls itself to solve a problem.

18. String: A data type that represents a sequence of characters.

19. Tuple: An ordered collection of elements, similar to an array but immutable.

20. Variable: A named storage location in memory that holds a value.

21. While Loop: A loop that repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.

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🧠  ChatGPT For Programming

https://t.iss.one/aijobss/26

Top 10 basic programming concepts

1. Variables: Variables are used to store data in a program, such as numbers, text, or objects. They have a name and a value that can be changed during the program's execution.

2. Data Types: Data types define the type of data that can be stored in a variable, such as integers, floating-point numbers, strings, boolean values, and more. Different data types have different properties and operations associated with them.

3. Control Structures: Control structures are used to control the flow of a program's execution. Common control structures include if-else statements, loops (for, while, do-while), switch statements, and more.

4. Functions: Functions are blocks of code that perform a specific task. They can take input parameters, process them, and return a result. Functions help in organizing code, promoting reusability, and improving readability.

5. Conditional Statements: Conditional statements allow the program to make decisions based on certain conditions. The most common conditional statement is the if-else statement, which executes different blocks of code based on whether a condition is true or false.

6. Loops: Loops are used to repeat a block of code multiple times until a certain condition is met. Common types of loops include for loops, while loops, and do-while loops.

7. Arrays: Arrays are data structures that store a collection of elements of the same data type. Elements in an array can be accessed using an index, which represents their position in the array.

8. Classes and Objects: Object-oriented programming concepts involve classes and objects. A class is a blueprint for creating objects, which are instances of the class. Classes define attributes (variables) and behaviors (methods) that objects can exhibit.

9. Input and Output: Input and output operations allow a program to interact with the user or external devices. Common input/output operations include reading from and writing to files, displaying output to the console, and receiving input from the user.

10. Comments: Comments are used to add explanatory notes within the code that are ignored by the compiler or interpreter. They help in documenting code, explaining complex logic, and improving code readability for other developers.

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Here are seven top coding projects to work on in 2024:

1. Rock Paper Scissors Game: This simple yet engaging project involves building a game where the user can play rock-paper-scissors against the computer. It's a great way to get familiar with user input handling, conditional statements, and loops [[❞]](https://hackr.io/blog/python-projects).

2. Dice Roll Simulator: Create a program that simulates rolling dice. This project helps in understanding random number generation, user-defined functions, and basic I/O operations [[❞]](https://hackr.io/blog/python-projects).

3. CopilotKit: An advanced project aimed at building AI-driven text editors and in-app copilots with auto-completion and context-aware editing. This project involves working with AI and machine learning integrations, making it suitable for those interested in AI development [[❞]](https://dev.to/anmolbaranwal/20-open-source-projects-you-shouldnt-miss-in-2024-3ja4).

4. Shadcn UI: This project involves using Shadcn UI, a set of customizable components for frontend development. It’s particularly useful for developers looking to enhance their UI/UX skills [[❞]](https://dev.to/anmolbaranwal/20-open-source-projects-you-shouldnt-miss-in-2024-3ja4).

5. Django 4.0 Projects: Working with Django 4.0 allows developers to build scalable web applications using the latest features of this robust web development framework. It’s ideal for learning web development and backend integration [[❞]](https://engineersplanet.com/exploring-the-top-10-python-projects-2024/).

6. Dash for Data Visualization: This project involves creating interactive data visualizations using Dash, built on Flask and Plotly. It's perfect for developers interested in data science and creating dashboards [[❞]](https://engineersplanet.com/exploring-the-top-10-python-projects-2024/).

7. Real-Time Video Processing with Chromakey: Build a web application that applies chromakey effects (green screen) to videos in real-time. This project combines video processing with web technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript [[❞]](https://dev.to/mukeshkuiry/25-web-development-projects-you-must-work-on-2024-4onl).

ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍

Java Backend Development is a highly in-demand and well-paying job in the tech industry.

If you're looking to become an excellent Java Developer, here's a roadmap that includes various online resources👇👇
https://t.iss.one/Java_Programming_Notes/15