Python Interview Questions – Part 1

1. What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its readability and wide range of libraries.

2. Is Python statically typed or dynamically typed?
Dynamically typed. You don't need to declare data types explicitly.

3. What is the difference between a list and a tuple?

List is mutable, can be modified.

Tuple is immutable, cannot be changed after creation.


4. What is indentation in Python?
Indentation is used to define blocks of code. Python strictly relies on indentation instead of brackets {}.

5. What is the output of this code?

x = [1, 2, 3]
print(x * 2)

Answer: [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

6. Write a Python program to check if a number is even or odd.

num = int(input("Enter number: "))
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")

7. What is a Python dictionary?
A collection of key-value pairs. Example:

person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}

8. Write a function to return the square of a number.

def square(n):
return n * n


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10 Machine Learning Concepts You Must Know

✅ Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning – Understand the foundation of ML tasks
✅ Bias-Variance Tradeoff – Balance underfitting and overfitting
✅ Feature Engineering – The secret sauce to boost model performance
✅ Train-Test Split & Cross-Validation – Evaluate models the right way
✅ Confusion Matrix – Measure model accuracy, precision, recall, and F1
✅ Gradient Descent – The algorithm behind learning in most models
✅ Regularization (L1/L2) – Prevent overfitting by penalizing complexity
✅ Decision Trees & Random Forests – Interpretable and powerful models
✅ Support Vector Machines – Great for classification with clear boundaries
✅ Neural Networks – The foundation of deep learning

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✅ Data Science Roadmap for Beginners in 2025 🚀📊

1️⃣ Grasp the Role of a Data Scientist
🔍 Collect, clean, analyze data, build models, and communicate insights to drive decisions.

2️⃣ Master Python Basics
🐍 Learn:
– Variables, loops, functions
– Libraries: pandas, numpy, matplotlib
💡 Python is the most popular language in data science.

3️⃣ Learn SQL for Data Extraction
🧩 Focus on:
– SELECT, WHERE, JOIN, GROUP BY
– Practice on platforms like LeetCode or HackerRank.

4️⃣ Understand Statistics & Math
📊 Key topics:
– Descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode)
– Probability basics
– Hypothesis testing
💡 These are essential for building reliable models.

5️⃣ Explore Machine Learning Fundamentals
🤖 Start with:
– Supervised vs unsupervised learning
– Algorithms: Linear regression, decision trees
– Model evaluation metrics

6️⃣ Get Comfortable with Data Visualization
📈 Use tools like:
– Tableau or Power BI
– matplotlib and seaborn in Python
💡 Visuals help tell compelling data stories.

7️⃣ Work on Real-World Projects
🔍 Use datasets from Kaggle or UCI Machine Learning Repository
– Practice cleaning, analyzing, and modeling data.

8️⃣ Build Your Portfolio
💻 Showcase projects on GitHub or personal website
📌 Include code, visuals, and clear explanations.

9️⃣ Develop Soft Skills
🗣️ Focus on:
– Explaining technical concepts simply
– Problem-solving mindset
– Collaboration and communication

🔟 Earn Certifications to Boost Credibility
🎓 Consider:
– IBM Data Science Professional Certificate
– Google Data Analytics Certificate
– Coursera’s Machine Learning by Andrew Ng

🎯 Start applying for internships and junior roles
Positions like:
– Data Scientist Intern
– Junior Data Scientist
– Data Analyst

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SQL Basics for Data Analysts

SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to retrieve, manipulate, and analyze data stored in databases.

1️⃣ Understanding Databases & Tables

Databases store structured data in tables.

Tables contain rows (records) and columns (fields).

Each column has a specific data type (INTEGER, VARCHAR, DATE, etc.).

2️⃣ Basic SQL Commands

Let's start with some fundamental queries:

🔹 SELECT – Retrieve Data

SELECT * FROM employees; -- Fetch all columns from 'employees' table SELECT name, salary FROM employees; -- Fetch specific columns 

🔹 WHERE – Filter Data

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales'; -- Filter by department SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 50000; -- Filter by salary 

🔹 ORDER BY – Sort Data

SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC; -- Sort by salary (highest first) SELECT name, hire_date FROM employees ORDER BY hire_date ASC; -- Sort by hire date (oldest first) 

🔹 LIMIT – Restrict Number of Results

SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 5; -- Fetch only 5 rows SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'HR' LIMIT 10; -- Fetch first 10 HR employees 

🔹 DISTINCT – Remove Duplicates

SELECT DISTINCT department FROM employees; -- Show unique departments 

Mini Task for You: Try to write an SQL query to fetch the top 3 highest-paid employees from an "employees" table.

You can find free SQL Resources here
👇👇
https://t.iss.one/mysqldata

Like this post if you want me to continue covering all the topics! 👍❤️

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Hope it helps :)

#sql

SQL Basics for Data Analysts

SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to retrieve, manipulate, and analyze data stored in databases.

1️⃣ Understanding Databases & Tables

Databases store structured data in tables.

Tables contain rows (records) and columns (fields).

Each column has a specific data type (INTEGER, VARCHAR, DATE, etc.).

2️⃣ Basic SQL Commands

Let's start with some fundamental queries:

🔹 SELECT – Retrieve Data

SELECT * FROM employees; -- Fetch all columns from 'employees' table SELECT name, salary FROM employees; -- Fetch specific columns 

🔹 WHERE – Filter Data

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales'; -- Filter by department SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 50000; -- Filter by salary 

🔹 ORDER BY – Sort Data

SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC; -- Sort by salary (highest first) SELECT name, hire_date FROM employees ORDER BY hire_date ASC; -- Sort by hire date (oldest first) 

🔹 LIMIT – Restrict Number of Results

SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 5; -- Fetch only 5 rows SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'HR' LIMIT 10; -- Fetch first 10 HR employees 

🔹 DISTINCT – Remove Duplicates

SELECT DISTINCT department FROM employees; -- Show unique departments 

Mini Task for You: Try to write an SQL query to fetch the top 3 highest-paid employees from an "employees" table.

You can find free SQL Resources here
👇👇
https://t.iss.one/mysqldata

Like this post if you want me to continue covering all the topics! 👍❤️

Share with credits: https://t.iss.one/sqlspecialist

Hope it helps :)

#sql

Statistics Roadmap for Data Science!

Phase 1: Fundamentals of Statistics

1️⃣ Basic Concepts
-Introduction to Statistics
-Types of Data
-Descriptive Statistics

2️⃣ Probability
-Basic Probability
-Conditional Probability
-Probability Distributions

Phase 2: Intermediate Statistics

3️⃣ Inferential Statistics
-Sampling and Sampling Distributions
-Hypothesis Testing
-Confidence Intervals

4️⃣ Regression Analysis
-Linear Regression
-Diagnostics and Validation

Phase 3: Advanced Topics

5️⃣ Advanced Probability and Statistics
-Advanced Probability Distributions
-Bayesian Statistics

6️⃣ Multivariate Statistics
-Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
-Clustering

Phase 4: Statistical Learning and Machine Learning

7️⃣ Statistical Learning
-Introduction to Statistical Learning
-Supervised Learning
-Unsupervised Learning

Phase 5: Practical Application

8️⃣ Tools and Software
-Statistical Software (R, Python)
-Data Visualization (Matplotlib, Seaborn, ggplot2)

9️⃣ Projects and Case Studies
-Capstone Project
-Case Studies

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