Basics of Machine Learning 👇👇

Free Resources to learn Machine Learning: https://t.iss.one/free4unow_backup/587

Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence where computers learn from data to make decisions without explicit programming. There are three main types:

1. Supervised Learning: The algorithm is trained on a labeled dataset, learning to map input to output. For example, it can predict housing prices based on features like size and location.

2. Unsupervised Learning: The algorithm explores data patterns without explicit labels. Clustering is a common task, grouping similar data points. An example is customer segmentation for targeted marketing.

3. Reinforcement Learning: The algorithm learns by interacting with an environment. It receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties, improving its actions over time. Gaming AI and robotic control are applications.

Key concepts include:

- Features and Labels: Features are input variables, and labels are the desired output. The model learns to map features to labels during training.

- Training and Testing: The model is trained on a subset of data and then tested on unseen data to evaluate its performance.

- Overfitting and Underfitting: Overfitting occurs when a model is too complex and fits the training data too closely, performing poorly on new data. Underfitting happens when the model is too simple and fails to capture the underlying patterns.

- Algorithms: Different algorithms suit various tasks. Common ones include linear regression for predicting numerical values, and decision trees for classification tasks.

In summary, machine learning involves training models on data to make predictions or decisions. Supervised learning uses labeled data, unsupervised learning finds patterns in unlabeled data, and reinforcement learning learns through interaction with an environment. Key considerations include features, labels, overfitting, underfitting, and choosing the right algorithm for the task.

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ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍

🔟 Free useful resources to learn Machine Learning

👉 Google

https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/crash-course

👉 Leetcode

https://leetcode.com/explore/featured/card/machine-learning-101

👉 Hackerrank

https://www.hackerrank.com/domains/ai/machine-learning

👉 Hands-on Machine Learning

https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/424

👉 FreeCodeCamp

https://www.freecodecamp.org/learn/machine-learning-with-python/

👉 Machine learning projects

https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/392

👉 Kaggle

https://www.kaggle.com/learn/intro-to-machine-learning

https://www.kaggle.com/learn/intermediate-machine-learning

👉 Geeksforgeeks

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/machine-learning/

👉 Create ML Models

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/create-machine-learn-models/

👉 Machine Learning Test Cheat Sheet

https://www.cheatography.com/lulu-0012/cheat-sheets/test-ml/pdf/

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ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍

Machine Learning Algorithms

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A-Z of essential data science concepts

A: Algorithm - A set of rules or instructions for solving a problem or completing a task.
B: Big Data - Large and complex datasets that traditional data processing applications are unable to handle efficiently.
C: Classification - A type of machine learning task that involves assigning labels to instances based on their characteristics.
D: Data Mining - The process of discovering patterns and extracting useful information from large datasets.
E: Ensemble Learning - A machine learning technique that combines multiple models to improve predictive performance.
F: Feature Engineering - The process of selecting, extracting, and transforming features from raw data to improve model performance.
G: Gradient Descent - An optimization algorithm used to minimize the error of a model by adjusting its parameters iteratively.
H: Hypothesis Testing - A statistical method used to make inferences about a population based on sample data.
I: Imputation - The process of replacing missing values in a dataset with estimated values.
J: Joint Probability - The probability of the intersection of two or more events occurring simultaneously.
K: K-Means Clustering - A popular unsupervised machine learning algorithm used for clustering data points into groups.
L: Logistic Regression - A statistical model used for binary classification tasks.
M: Machine Learning - A subset of artificial intelligence that enables systems to learn from data and improve performance over time.
N: Neural Network - A computer system inspired by the structure of the human brain, used for various machine learning tasks.
O: Outlier Detection - The process of identifying observations in a dataset that significantly deviate from the rest of the data points.
P: Precision and Recall - Evaluation metrics used to assess the performance of classification models.
Q: Quantitative Analysis - The process of using mathematical and statistical methods to analyze and interpret data.
R: Regression Analysis - A statistical technique used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
S: Support Vector Machine - A supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks.
T: Time Series Analysis - The study of data collected over time to detect patterns, trends, and seasonal variations.
U: Unsupervised Learning - Machine learning techniques used to identify patterns and relationships in data without labeled outcomes.
V: Validation - The process of assessing the performance and generalization of a machine learning model using independent datasets.
W: Weka - A popular open-source software tool used for data mining and machine learning tasks.
X: XGBoost - An optimized implementation of gradient boosting that is widely used for classification and regression tasks.
Y: Yarn - A resource manager used in Apache Hadoop for managing resources across distributed clusters.
Z: Zero-Inflated Model - A statistical model used to analyze data with excess zeros, commonly found in count data.

Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624

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Includes guided lectures, videos, and code.
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Will LLMs always hallucinate?

As large language models (LLMs) become more powerful and pervasive, it's crucial that we understand their limitations.

A new paper argues that hallucinations - where the model generates false or nonsensical information - are not just occasional mistakes, but an inherent property of these systems.

While the idea of hallucinations as features isn't new, the researchers' explanation is.

They draw on computational theory and Gödel's incompleteness theorems to show that hallucinations are baked into the very structure of LLMs.

In essence, they argue that the process of training and using these models involves undecidable problems - meaning there will always be some inputs that cause the model to go off the rails.

This would have big implications. It suggests that no amount of architectural tweaks, data cleaning, or fact-checking can fully eliminate hallucinations.

So what does this mean in practice? For one, it highlights the importance of using LLMs carefully, with an understanding of their limitations.

It also suggests that research into making models more robust and understanding their failure modes is crucial.

No matter how impressive the results, LLMs are not oracles - they're tools with inherent flaws and biases

LLM & Generative AI Resources: https://t.iss.one/generativeai_gpt

If you want to get a job as a machine learning engineer, don’t start by diving into the hottest libraries like PyTorch,TensorFlow, Langchain, etc.

Yes, you might hear a lot about them or some other trending technology of the year...but guess what!

Technologies evolve rapidly, especially in the age of AI, but core concepts are always seen as more valuable than expertise in any particular tool. Stop trying to perform a brain surgery without knowing anything about human anatomy.

Instead, here are basic skills that will get you further than mastering any framework:


𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬 - My first exposure to probability and statistics was in college, and it felt abstract at the time, but these concepts are the backbone of ML.

You can start here: Khan Academy Statistics and Probability - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability

𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐀𝐥𝐠𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐬 - Concepts like matrices, vectors, eigenvalues, and derivatives are fundamental to understanding how ml algorithms work. These are used in everything from simple regression to deep learning.

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 - Should you learn Python, Rust, R, Julia, JavaScript, etc.? The best advice is to pick the language that is most frequently used for the type of work you want to do. I started with Python due to its simplicity and extensive library support, and it remains my go-to language for machine learning tasks.

You can start here: Automate the Boring Stuff with Python - https://automatetheboringstuff.com/

𝐀𝐥𝐠𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐦 𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 - Understand the fundamental algorithms before jumping to deep learning. This includes linear regression, decision trees, SVMs, and clustering algorithms.

𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐲𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Knowing how to take a model from development to production is invaluable. This includes understanding APIs, model optimization, and monitoring. Tools like Docker and Flask are often used in this process.

𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁𝐢𝐠 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚:
Familiarity with cloud platforms (AWS, Google Cloud, Azure) and big data tools (Spark) is increasingly important as datasets grow larger. These skills help you manage and process large-scale data efficiently.

You can start here: Google Cloud Machine Learning - https://cloud.google.com/learn/training/machinelearning-ai

I love frameworks and libraries, and they can make anyone's job easier.

But the more solid your foundation, the easier it will be to pick up any new technologies and actually validate whether they solve your problems.

Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624

All the best 👍👍

Types of AI

🤖 AI/ML Roadmap

1️⃣ Math & Stats 🧮🔢: Learn Linear Algebra, Probability, and Calculus.
2️⃣ Programming 🐍💻: Master Python, NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib.
3️⃣ Machine Learning 📈🤖: Study Supervised & Unsupervised Learning, and Model Evaluation.
4️⃣ Deep Learning 🔥🧠: Understand Neural Networks, CNNs, RNNs, and Transformers.
5️⃣ Specializations 🎓🔬: Choose from NLP, Computer Vision, or Reinforcement Learning.
6️⃣ Big Data & Cloud ☁️📡: Work with SQL, NoSQL, AWS, and GCP.
7️⃣ MLOps & Deployment 🚀🛠️: Learn Flask, Docker, and Kubernetes.
8️⃣ Ethics & Safety ⚖️🛡️: Understand Bias, Fairness, and Explainability.
9️⃣ Research & Practice 📜🔍: Read Papers and Build Projects.
🔟 Projects 📂🚀: Compete in Kaggle and contribute to Open-Source.

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#ai

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Master the most in-demand AI skill in today’s job market: building autonomous AI systems.

In Ready Tensor’s free, project-first program, you’ll create three portfolio-ready projects using 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗻, 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵, and vector databases — and deploy production-ready agents that employers will notice.

Includes guided lectures, videos, and code.
𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗲. 𝗦𝗲𝗹𝗳-𝗽𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗱. 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗿-𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴.

👉 Apply now: https://go.readytensor.ai/cert-550-agentic-ai-certification

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AI vs ML vs Deep Learning 🤖

You’ve probably seen these 3 terms thrown around like they’re the same thing. They’re not.

AI (Artificial Intelligence): the big umbrella. Anything that makes machines “smart.” Could be rules, could be learning.

ML (Machine Learning): a subset of AI. Machines learn patterns from data instead of being explicitly programmed.

Deep Learning: a subset of ML. Uses neural networks with many layers (deep) powering things like ChatGPT, image recognition, etc.

Think of it this way:
AI = Science
ML = A chapter in the science
Deep Learning = A paragraph in that chapter.

Want to become a Data Scientist?

Here’s a quick roadmap with essential concepts:

1. Mathematics & Statistics

Linear Algebra: Matrix operations, eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and decomposition, which are crucial for machine learning.

Probability & Statistics: Hypothesis testing, probability distributions, Bayesian inference, confidence intervals, and statistical significance.

Calculus: Derivatives, integrals, and gradients, especially partial derivatives, which are essential for understanding model optimization.


2. Programming

Python or R: Choose a primary programming language for data science.

Python: Libraries like NumPy, Pandas for data manipulation, and Scikit-Learn for machine learning.

R: Especially popular in academia and finance, with libraries like dplyr and ggplot2 for data manipulation and visualization.


SQL: Master querying and database management, essential for accessing, joining, and filtering large datasets.


3. Data Wrangling & Preprocessing

Data Cleaning: Handle missing values, outliers, duplicates, and data formatting.
Feature Engineering: Create meaningful features, handle categorical variables, and apply transformations (scaling, encoding, etc.).
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Visualize data distributions, correlations, and trends to generate hypotheses and insights.


4. Data Visualization

Python Libraries: Use Matplotlib, Seaborn, and Plotly to visualize data.
Tableau or Power BI: Learn interactive visualization tools for building dashboards.
Storytelling: Develop skills to interpret and present data in a meaningful way to stakeholders.


5. Machine Learning

Supervised Learning: Understand algorithms like Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Support Vector Machines (SVM).
Unsupervised Learning: Study clustering (K-means, DBSCAN) and dimensionality reduction (PCA, t-SNE).
Evaluation Metrics: Understand accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score for classification and RMSE, MAE for regression.


6. Advanced Machine Learning & Deep Learning

Neural Networks: Understand the basics of neural networks and backpropagation.
Deep Learning: Get familiar with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for image processing and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for sequential data.
Transfer Learning: Apply pre-trained models for specific use cases.
Frameworks: Use TensorFlow Keras for building deep learning models.


7. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Text Preprocessing: Tokenization, stemming, lemmatization, stop-word removal.
NLP Techniques: Understand bag-of-words, TF-IDF, and word embeddings (Word2Vec, GloVe).
NLP Models: Work with recurrent neural networks (RNNs), transformers (BERT, GPT) for text classification, sentiment analysis, and translation.


8. Big Data Tools (Optional)

Distributed Data Processing: Learn Hadoop and Spark for handling large datasets. Use Google BigQuery for big data storage and processing.


9. Data Science Workflows & Pipelines (Optional)

ETL & Data Pipelines: Extract, Transform, and Load data using tools like Apache Airflow for automation. Set up reproducible workflows for data transformation, modeling, and monitoring.
Model Deployment: Deploy models in production using Flask, FastAPI, or cloud services (AWS SageMaker, Google AI Platform).


10. Model Validation & Tuning

Cross-Validation: Techniques like K-fold cross-validation to avoid overfitting.
Hyperparameter Tuning: Use Grid Search, Random Search, and Bayesian Optimization to optimize model performance.
Bias-Variance Trade-off: Understand how to balance bias and variance in models for better generalization.


11. Time Series Analysis

Statistical Models: ARIMA, SARIMA, and Holt-Winters for time-series forecasting.
Time Series: Handle seasonality, trends, and lags. Use LSTMs or Prophet for more advanced time-series forecasting.


12. Experimentation & A/B Testing

Experiment Design: Learn how to set up and analyze controlled experiments.
A/B Testing: Statistical techniques for comparing groups & measuring the impact of changes.

ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍

#datascience

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🌍 Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B
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🖼️ google/gemma-3-4b-it
Multimodal 4B 🖊️ Handles text + images with 128K context. Great for QA, summarization & fine-tuning.

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📘 microsoft/Phi-4-mini-instruct
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