Final Preparation Guide for Data Analytics Interviews: (IMP)

➡Key SQL Concepts:
- Master SELECT statements, focusing on WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses.
- Understand the basics of JOINS: INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL.
- Get comfortable with aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, and MIN.
- Study subqueries and Common Table Expressions.
- Explore advanced topics like CASE statements, complex JOIN strategies, and Window functions (OVER, PARTITION BY, ROW_NUMBER, RANK).

➡Python for Data Analysis:
- Review the basics of Python syntax, control structures, and data structures (lists, dictionaries).
- Dive into data manipulation using Pandas and NumPy, covering DataFrames, Series, and group by operations.
- Learn basic plotting techniques with Matplotlib and Seaborn for data visualization.

➡ Excel Skills:
- Practice cell operations and essential formulas like SUMIFS, COUNTIFS, and AVERAGEIFS.
- Familiarize yourself with PivotTables, PivotCharts, data validation, and What-if analysis.
- Explore advanced formulas and work with the Data Model & Power Pivot.

➡ Power BI Proficiency:
- Focus on data modeling, including importing data and managing relationships.
- Learn data transformation techniques with Power Query and use DAX for calculated columns and measures.
- Create interactive reports and dashboards, and work on visualizations.

➡ Basic Statistics:
- Understand fundamental concepts like Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, and Variance.
- Study probability distributions, Hypothesis Testing, and P-values.
- Learn about Confidence Intervals, Correlation, and Simple Linear Regression.

I have curated best 80+ top-notch Data Analytics Resources 👇👇
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaGgzAk72WTmQFERKh02

Hope this helps you 😊

Types of Data Analysis

Becoming a Data Analyst in 2025 is more difficult than it was a couple of years ago. The competition has grown but so has the demand for Data Analysts!

There are 5 areas you need to excel at to land a career in data. (so punny...)
1. Skills
2. Experience
3. Networking
4. Job Search
5. Education

Let's dive into the first and most important area, skills.

Skills
Every data analytics job will require a different set of skills for their job description. To cover the majority of entry-level positions, you should focus on the core 3 (or 4 if you have time).
- Excel
- SQL
- Tableau or Power BI
- Python or R(optional)
No need to learn any more than this to get started. Start learning other skills AFTER you land your first job and see what data analytics path you really enjoy.
You might fall into a path that doesn't require Python at all and if you took 3 months to learn it, you wasted 3 months. Your goal should be to get your foot in the door.

Experience
So how do you show that you have experience if you have never worked as a Data Analyst professionally? 
It's actually easier than you think! 
There are a few ways you can gain experience. volunteer, freelance, or any analytics work at your current job.
First ask your friends, family, or even Reddit if anyone needs help with their data.
Second, you can join Upwork or Fiverr to land some freelance gigs to gain great experience and some extra money.
Thirdly, even if your title isn't "Data Analyst", you might analyze data anyway. Use this as experience!

Networking
I love this section the most. It has been proven by everyone I have mentored that this is one of the most important areas to learn.
Start talking to other Data Analysts, start connecting with the RIGHT people, start posting on LinkedIn, start following people in the field, and start commenting on posts.
All of this, over time, will continue to get "eyes" on your profile. This will lead to more calls, interviews, and like the people I teach, job offers. 
Consistency is important here.

Job Search
I believe this is not a skill and is more like a "numbers game". And the ones who excel here, are the ones who are consistent.
I'm not saying you need to apply all day every day but you should spend SOME time applying every day.
This is important because you don't know when exactly a company will be posting their job posting. You also want to be one of the first people to apply so that means you need to check the job boards in multiple small chunks rather than spend all of your time applying in a single chunk of time.
The best way to do this is to open up all of the filters and select the most recent and posted within the last 3 days. 

Education
If you have a degree or are currently on your way to getting one, this section doesn't really apply to you since you have a leg up on a lot more job opportunities.

So how else does someone show they are educated enough to become a Data Analyst?
You need to prove it by taking relevant courses in relation to the industry you want to enter. After the course, the actual certificate does not hold much weight unless it's an accredited certificate like a Tableau Professional Certificate. 

To counter this, you need to use your project descriptions to explain how you used data to solve a business problem and explain it professionally.

There are so many other areas you could work on but focussing on these to start will definitely get you going in the right direction. 

Take time to put these actions to work. Pivot when something isn't working and adapt.
It will take time but these actions will reduce the time it takes you to become a Data Analyst in 2025

Hope this helps you 😊

1. What is Data Integrity?

Data Integrity is the assurance of accuracy and consistency of data over its entire life-cycle and is a critical aspect of the design, implementation, and usage of any system which stores, processes, or retrieves data. It also defines integrity constraints to enforce business rules on the data when it is entered into an application or a database.

2. What is the Difference Between Joining and Blending in Tableau?

Combining the data from two or more different sources is data blending, such as Oracle, Excel, and SQL Server. In data blending, each data source contains its own set of dimensions and measures. Combining the data between two or more tables or sheets within the same data source is data joining. All the combined tables or sheets contain a common set of dimensions and measures.

3. What is slicing in Python?
As the name suggests, ‘slicing’ is taking parts of.
Syntax for slicing is [start : stop : step]
start is the starting index from where to slice a list or tuple
stop is the ending index or where to stop.
step is the number of steps to jump.
Default value for start is 0, stop is number of items, step is 1.
Slicing can be done on strings, arrays, lists, and tuples.

4. What is the difference between NOW() and CURRENT_DATE() in SQL?

NOW() returns a constant time that indicates the time at which the statement began to execute. (Within a stored function or trigger, NOW() returns the time at which the function or triggering statement began to execute.

The simple difference between NOW() and CURRENT_DATE() is that NOW() will fetch the current date and time both in format ‘YYYY-MM_DD HH:MM:SS’ while CURRENT_DATE() will fetch the date of the current day ‘YYYY-MM_DD’.

UNPOPULAR OPINION: Excel is still relevant for data analysis.

I am often asked by junior data analysts, “What is the purpose of learning Excel if they already know Python?”.

The truth is, Excel/Google Sheets are still widely used across most organizations. And if you are working with other people, sooner or later you will be asked to do some quick analysis in Excel.

Yes, even if your organization has Tableau/PowerBI, someone will still download report as CSV and do his own analysis.

If you are just starting your data analytics journey, I always recommend Excel as the first tool to learn.

It will help you to understand how tabular data works.

LOOKUPS are like JOINS in SQL;
VSTACK is UNION in SQL;
and FILTER, SORT, GROUPBY are similar to Python functions.

By learning Excel, you are setting a foundation for other tools.

Excel might not be the trendiest and coolest tool in data analytics, but it is versatile, accessible, and universal.

Guys, Big Announcement!

I’m launching a Complete SQL Learning Series — designed for everyone — whether you're a beginner, intermediate, or someone preparing for data interviews.

This is a complete step-by-step journey — from scratch to advanced — filled with practical examples, relatable scenarios, and short quizzes after each topic to solidify your learning.

Here’s the 5-Week Plan:

Week 1: SQL Fundamentals (No Prior Knowledge Needed)

- What is SQL? Real-world Use Cases

- Databases vs Tables

- SELECT Queries — The Heart of SQL

- Filtering Data with WHERE

- Sorting with ORDER BY

- Using DISTINCT and LIMIT

- Basic Arithmetic and Column Aliases

Week 2: Aggregations & Grouping

- COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX — When and How

- GROUP BY — The Right Way

- HAVING vs WHERE

- Dealing with NULLs in Aggregations

- CASE Statements for Conditional Logic

*Week 3: Mastering JOINS & Relationships*

- Understanding Table Relationships (1-to-1, 1-to-Many)

- INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN

- Practical Examples with Two or More Tables

- SELF JOIN & CROSS JOIN — What, When & Why

- Common Join Mistakes & Fixes

Week 4: Advanced SQL Concepts

- Subqueries: Writing Queries Inside Queries

- CTEs (WITH Clause): Cleaner & More Readable SQL

- Window Functions: RANK, DENSE_RANK, ROW_NUMBER

- Using PARTITION BY and ORDER BY

- EXISTS vs IN: Performance and Use Cases


Week 5: Real-World Scenarios & Interview-Ready SQL

- Using SQL to Solve Real Business Problems

- SQL for Sales, Marketing, HR & Product Analytics

- Writing Clean, Efficient & Complex Queries

- Most Common SQL Interview Questions like:

“Find the second highest salary”

“Detect duplicates in a table”

“Calculate running totals”

“Identify top N products per category”

- Practice Challenges Based on Real Interviews

React with ❤️ if you're ready for this series

Join our WhatsApp channel to access it: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v/1075

Complete SQL guide for Data Analytics

1. Introduction to SQL

What is SQL?

• SQL (Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language used for managing and manipulating relational databases. It allows you to interact with data by querying, inserting, updating, and deleting records in a database.
• SQL is essential for Data Analytics because it enables analysts to retrieve and manipulate data for analysis, reporting, and decision-making.

Applications in Data Analytics

• Data Retrieval: SQL is used to pull data from databases for analysis.
• Data Transformation: SQL helps clean, aggregate, and transform data into a usable format for analysis.
• Reporting: SQL can be used to create reports by summarizing data or applying business rules.
• Data Modeling: SQL helps in preparing datasets for further analysis or machine learning.

2. SQL Basics

Data Types

SQL supports various data types that define the kind of data a column can hold:
• Numeric Data Types:
• INT: Integer numbers, e.g., 123.
• DECIMAL(p,s): Exact numbers with a specified precision and scale, e.g., DECIMAL(10,2) for numbers like 12345.67.
• FLOAT: Approximate numbers, e.g., 123.456.
• String Data Types:
• CHAR(n): Fixed-length strings, e.g., CHAR(10) will always use 10 characters.
• VARCHAR(n): Variable-length strings, e.g., VARCHAR(50) can store up to 50 characters.
• TEXT: Long text data, e.g., descriptions or long notes.
• Date/Time Data Types:
• DATE: Stores date values, e.g., 2024-12-01.
• DATETIME: Stores both date and time, e.g., 2024-12-01 12:00:00.

Creating and Modifying Tables

You can create, alter, and drop tables using SQL commands:

-- Create a table with columns for ID, name, salary, and hire date
CREATE TABLE employees (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
hire_date DATE
);

-- Alter an existing table to add a new column for department
ALTER TABLE employees ADD department VARCHAR(50);

-- Drop a table (delete it from the database)
DROP TABLE employees;

Data Insertion, Updating, and Deletion

SQL allows you to manipulate data using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands:

-- Insert a new employee record
INSERT INTO employees (id, name, salary, hire_date, department)
VALUES (1, 'Alice', 75000.00, '2022-01-15', 'HR');

-- Update the salary of employee with id 1
UPDATE employees
SET salary = 80000
WHERE id = 1;

-- Delete the employee record with id 1
DELETE FROM employees WHERE id = 1;

3. Data Retrieval

SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from a database:

SELECT * FROM employees; -- Retrieve all columns
SELECT name, salary FROM employees; -- Retrieve specific columns

Filtering Data with WHERE

The WHERE clause filters data based on specific conditions:

SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE salary > 60000 AND department = 'HR'; -- Filter records based on salary and department

Sorting Data with ORDER BY

The ORDER BY clause sorts the result set by one or more columns:

SELECT * FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC; -- Sort by salary in descending order

Aliasing

You can use aliases to rename columns or tables for clarity:

SELECT name AS employee_name, salary AS monthly_salary FROM employees;

4. Aggregate Functions

Aggregate functions perform calculations on a set of values and return a single result.

Common Aggregate Functions

SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_employees, AVG(salary) AS average_salary
FROM employees; -- Count total employees and calculate the average salary

GROUP BY and HAVING

• GROUP BY is used to group rows sharing the same value in a column.
• HAVING filters groups based on aggregate conditions.

-- Find average salary by department
SELECT department, AVG(salary) AS average_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;

-- Filter groups with more than 5 employees
SELECT department, COUNT(*) AS employee_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

5. Joins

Joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on related columns.

Types of Joins

• INNER JOIN: Returns rows that have matching values in both tables.

SELECT e.name, e.salary, d.department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON e.department = d.department_id;

• LEFT JOIN: Returns all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table. If no match, returns NULL.

SELECT e.name, e.salary, d.department_name
FROM employees e
LEFT JOIN departments d ON e.department = d.department_id;

• RIGHT JOIN: Returns all rows from the right table and matched rows from the left table. If no match, returns NULL.

SELECT e.name, e.salary, d.department_name
FROM employees e
RIGHT JOIN departments d ON e.department = d.department_id;

• FULL OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows when there is a match in one of the tables.

SELECT e.name, e.salary, d.department_name
FROM employees e
FULL OUTER JOIN departments d ON e.department = d.department_id;

6. Subqueries and Nested Queries

Subqueries are queries embedded inside other queries. They can be used in the SELECT, FROM, and WHERE clauses.

Correlated Subqueries

A correlated subquery references columns from the outer query.

-- Find employees with salaries above the average salary of their department
SELECT name, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.department = e2.department);

Using Subqueries in SELECT

You can also use subqueries in the SELECT statement:

SELECT name,
(SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees) AS avg_salary
FROM employees;

7. Advanced SQL

Window Functions

Window functions perform calculations across a set of table rows related to the current row. They do not collapse rows like GROUP BY.

-- Rank employees by salary within each department
SELECT name, department, salary,
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) AS rank
FROM employees;

Common Table Expressions (CTEs)

A CTE is a temporary result set that can be referenced within a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.

-- Calculate department-wise average salary using a CTE
WITH avg_salary_cte AS (
SELECT department, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
)
SELECT e.name, e.salary, a.avg_salary
FROM employees e
JOIN avg_salary_cte a ON e.department = a.department;

8. Data Transformation and Cleaning

CASE Statements

The CASE statement allows you to perform conditional logic within SQL queries.

-- Categorize employees based on salary
SELECT name,
CASE
WHEN salary < 50000 THEN 'Low'
WHEN salary BETWEEN 50000 AND 100000 THEN 'Medium'
ELSE 'High'
END AS salary_category
FROM employees;

String Functions

SQL offers several functions to manipulate strings:

-- Concatenate first and last names
SELECT CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name) AS full_name FROM employees;

-- Trim extra spaces from a string
SELECT TRIM(name) FROM employees;

Date and Time Functions

SQL allows you to work with date and time values:

-- Calculate tenure in days
SELECT name, DATEDIFF(CURDATE(), hire_date) AS days_tenure
FROM employees;

9. Database Management

Indexing

Indexes improve query performance by allowing faster retrieval of rows.

-- Create an index on the department column for faster lookups
CREATE INDEX idx_department ON employees(department);

Views

A view is a virtual table based on the result of a query. It simplifies complex queries by allowing you to reuse the logic.

-- Create a view for high-salary employees
CREATE VIEW high_salary_employees AS
SELECT name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 100000;

-- Query the view
SELECT * FROM high_salary_employees;

Transactions

A transaction ensures that a series of SQL operations are completed successfully. If any part fails, the entire transaction can be rolled back to maintain data integrity.

-- -- Transaction example
START TRANSACTION;
UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + 5000 WHERE department = 'HR';
DELETE FROM employees WHERE id = 10;
COMMIT; -- Commit the transaction if all

Best SQL Interview Resources

Data Analysis Functions 💪

🧠 Technologies for Data Analysts!

📊 Data Manipulation & Analysis

▪️ Excel – Spreadsheet Data Analysis & Visualization
▪️ SQL – Structured Query Language for Data Extraction
▪️ Pandas (Python) – Data Analysis with DataFrames
▪️ NumPy (Python) – Numerical Computing for Large Datasets
▪️ Google Sheets – Online Collaboration for Data Analysis

📈 Data Visualization

▪️ Power BI – Business Intelligence & Dashboarding
▪️ Tableau – Interactive Data Visualization
▪️ Matplotlib (Python) – Plotting Graphs & Charts
▪️ Seaborn (Python) – Statistical Data Visualization
▪️ Google Data Studio – Free, Web-Based Visualization Tool

🔄 ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)

▪️ SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) – Data Integration & ETL
▪️ Apache NiFi – Automating Data Flows
▪️ Talend – Data Integration for Cloud & On-premises

🧹 Data Cleaning & Preparation

▪️ OpenRefine – Clean & Transform Messy Data
▪️ Pandas Profiling (Python) – Data Profiling & Preprocessing
▪️ DataWrangler – Data Transformation Tool

📦 Data Storage & Databases

▪️ SQL – Relational Databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL, MS SQL)
▪️ NoSQL (MongoDB) – Flexible, Schema-less Data Storage
▪️ Google BigQuery – Scalable Cloud Data Warehousing
▪️ Redshift – Amazon’s Cloud Data Warehouse

⚙️ Data Automation

▪️ Alteryx – Data Blending & Advanced Analytics
▪️ Knime – Data Analytics & Reporting Automation
▪️ Zapier – Connect & Automate Data Workflows

📊 Advanced Analytics & Statistical Tools

▪️ R – Statistical Computing & Analysis
▪️ Python (SciPy, Statsmodels) – Statistical Modeling & Hypothesis Testing
▪️ SPSS – Statistical Software for Data Analysis
▪️ SAS – Advanced Analytics & Predictive Modeling

🌐 Collaboration & Reporting

▪️ Power BI Service – Online Sharing & Collaboration for Dashboards
▪️ Tableau Online – Cloud-Based Visualization & Sharing
▪️ Google Analytics – Web Traffic Data Insights
▪️ Trello / JIRA – Project & Task Management for Data Projects
Data-Driven Decisions with the Right Tools!

React ❤️ for more

𝟓 𝐖𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐭 𝐉𝐨𝐛𝐬

🔸𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐉𝐨𝐛 𝐏𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐬
Job boards like LinkedIn & Naukari are great portals to find jobs.

Set up job alerts using keywords like “Data Analyst” so you’ll get notified as soon as something new comes up.

🔸𝐓𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐨𝐫 𝐘𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐞
Don’t send the same resume to every job.

Take time to highlight the skills and tools that the job description asks for, like SQL, Power BI, or Excel. It helps your resume get noticed by software that scans for keywords (ATS).

🔸𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐤𝐞𝐝𝐈𝐧
Connect with recruiters and employees from your target companies. Ask for referrals when any jib opening is poster

Engage with data-related content and share your own work (like project insights or dashboards).

🔸𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐖𝐞𝐛𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐲
Most big companies post jobs directly on their websites first.

Create a list of companies you’re interested in and keep checking their careers page. It’s a good way to find openings early before they post on job portals.

🔸𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐔𝐩 𝐀𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠
After applying to a job, it helps to follow up with a quick message on LinkedIn. You can send a polite note to recruiter and aks for the update on your candidature.

A - Always check your assumptions
B - Backup your data
C - Check your code

D - Do you know your data?
E - Evaluate your results
F - Find the anomalies

G - Get help when you need it
H - Have a backup plan
I - Investigate your outliers

J - Justify your methods
K - Keep your data clean
L - Let your data tell a story

M - Make your visualizations impactful
N - No one knows everything
O - Outline your analysis

P - Practice good documentation
Q - Quality control is key
R - Review your work

S - Stay organized
T - Test your assumptions
U - Use the right tools

V - Verify your results
W - Write clear and concise reports
X - Xamine for gaps in data

Y - Yield to the evidence
Z - Zero in on your findings

If you can master the ABCs of data analysis, you will be well on your way to being a successful Data Analyst.

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

EDA is the process of analyzing datasets to summarize key patterns, detect anomalies, and gain insights before applying machine learning or reporting.

1️⃣ Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics help summarize and understand data distributions.

In SQL:

Calculate Mean (Average):

SELECT AVG(salary) AS average_salary FROM employees; 
Find Median (Using Window Functions) SELECT salary FROM ( SELECT salary, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY salary) AS row_num, COUNT(*) OVER () AS total_rows FROM employees ) subquery WHERE row_num = (total_rows / 2); 

Find Mode (Most Frequent Value)

SELECT department, COUNT(*) AS count FROM employees GROUP BY department ORDER BY count DESC LIMIT 1; 

Calculate Variance & Standard Deviation

SELECT VARIANCE(salary) AS salary_variance, STDDEV(salary) AS salary_std_dev FROM employees; 

In Python (Pandas):

Mean, Median, Mode

df['salary'].mean() df['salary'].median() df['salary'].mode()[0]

Variance & Standard Deviation

df['salary'].var() df['salary'].std()

2️⃣ Data Visualization

Visualizing data helps identify trends, outliers, and patterns.

In SQL (For Basic Visualization in Some Databases Like PostgreSQL):

Create Histogram (Approximate in SQL)

SELECT salary, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY salary ORDER BY salary; 

In Python (Matplotlib & Seaborn):

Bar Chart (Category-Wise Sales)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 
import seaborn as sns 
df.groupby('category')['sales'].sum().plot(kind='bar') 
plt.title('Total Sales by Category') 
plt.xlabel('Category') 
plt.ylabel('Sales') 
plt.show() 

Histogram (Salary Distribution)

sns.histplot(df['salary'], bins=10, kde=True) 
plt.title('Salary Distribution') 
plt.show() 

Box Plot (Outliers in Sales Data)

sns.boxplot(y=df['sales']) 
plt.title('Sales Data Outliers') 
plt.show()

Heatmap (Correlation Between Variables)

sns.heatmap(df.corr(), annot=True, cmap='coolwarm') plt.title('Feature Correlation Heatmap') plt.show() 

3️⃣ Detecting Anomalies & Outliers

Outliers can skew results and should be identified.

In SQL:

Find records with unusually high salaries

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) + 2 * STDDEV(salary) FROM employees); 

In Python (Pandas & NumPy):

Using Z-Score (Values Beyond 3 Standard Deviations)

from scipy import stats df['z_score'] = stats.zscore(df['salary']) df_outliers = df[df['z_score'].abs() > 3] 

Using IQR (Interquartile Range)

Q1 = df['salary'].quantile(0.25) 
Q3 = df['salary'].quantile(0.75) 
IQR = Q3 - Q1 
df_outliers = df[(df['salary'] < (Q1 - 1.5 * IQR)) | (df['salary'] > (Q3 + 1.5 * IQR))] 

4️⃣ Key EDA Steps

Understand the Data → Check missing values, duplicates, and column types

Summarize Statistics → Mean, Median, Standard Deviation, etc.

Visualize Trends → Histograms, Box Plots, Heatmaps

Detect Outliers & Anomalies → Z-Score, IQR

Feature Engineering → Transform variables if needed

Mini Task for You: Write an SQL query to find employees whose salaries are above two standard deviations from the mean salary.

Here you can find the roadmap for data analyst: https://t.iss.one/sqlspecialist/1159

Like this post if you want me to continue covering all the topics! ❤️

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#sql

Common Mistakes Data Analysts Must Avoid ⚠️📊

Even experienced analysts can fall into these traps. Avoid these mistakes to ensure accurate, impactful analysis!

1️⃣ Ignoring Data Cleaning 🧹
Messy data leads to misleading insights. Always check for missing values, duplicates, and inconsistencies before analysis.

2️⃣ Relying Only on Averages 📉
Averages hide variability. Always check median, percentiles, and distributions for a complete picture.

3️⃣ Confusing Correlation with Causation 🔗
Just because two things move together doesn’t mean one causes the other. Validate assumptions before making decisions.

4️⃣ Overcomplicating Visualizations 🎨
Too many colors, labels, or complex charts confuse your audience. Keep it simple, clear, and focused on key takeaways.

5️⃣ Not Understanding Business Context 🎯
Data without context is meaningless. Always ask: "What problem are we solving?" before diving into numbers.

6️⃣ Ignoring Outliers Without Investigation 🔍
Outliers can signal errors or valuable insights. Always analyze why they exist before deciding to remove them.

7️⃣ Using Small Sample Sizes ⚠️
Drawing conclusions from too little data leads to unreliable insights. Ensure your sample size is statistically significant.

8️⃣ Failing to Communicate Insights Clearly 🗣️
Great analysis means nothing if stakeholders don’t understand it. Tell a story with data—don’t just dump numbers.

9️⃣ Not Keeping Up with Industry Trends 🚀
Data tools and techniques evolve fast. Keep learning SQL, Python, Power BI, Tableau, and machine learning basics.

Avoid these mistakes, and you’ll stand out as a reliable data analyst!

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Hope it helps :)

SQL Advanced Concepts for Data Analyst Interviews

1. Window Functions: Gain proficiency in window functions like ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), DENSE_RANK(), NTILE(), and LAG()/LEAD(). These functions allow you to perform calculations across a set of table rows related to the current row without collapsing the result set into a single output.

2. Common Table Expressions (CTEs): Understand how to use CTEs with the WITH clause to create temporary result sets that can be referenced within a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement. CTEs improve the readability and maintainability of complex queries.

3. Recursive CTEs: Learn how to use recursive CTEs to solve hierarchical or recursive data problems, such as navigating organizational charts or bill-of-materials structures.

4. Advanced Joins: Master complex join techniques, including self-joins (joining a table with itself), cross joins (Cartesian product), and using multiple joins in a single query.

5. Subqueries and Correlated Subqueries: Be adept at writing subqueries that return a single value or a set of values. Correlated subqueries, which reference columns from the outer query, are particularly powerful for row-by-row operations.

6. Indexing Strategies: Learn advanced indexing strategies, such as covering indexes, composite indexes, and partial indexes. Understand how to optimize query performance by designing the right indexes and when to use CLUSTERED versus NON-CLUSTERED indexes.

7. Query Optimization and Execution Plans: Develop skills in reading and interpreting SQL execution plans to understand how queries are executed. Use tools like EXPLAIN or EXPLAIN ANALYZE to identify performance bottlenecks and optimize query performance.

8. Stored Procedures: Understand how to create and use stored procedures to encapsulate complex SQL logic into reusable, modular code. Learn how to pass parameters, handle errors, and return multiple result sets from a stored procedure.

9. Triggers: Learn how to create triggers to automatically execute a specified action in response to certain events on a table (e.g., AFTER INSERT, BEFORE UPDATE). Triggers are useful for maintaining data integrity and automating workflows.

10. Transactions and Isolation Levels: Master the use of transactions to ensure that a series of SQL operations are executed as a single unit of work. Understand different isolation levels (READ UNCOMMITTED, READ COMMITTED, REPEATABLE READ, SERIALIZABLE) and their impact on data consistency and concurrency.

11. PIVOT and UNPIVOT: Use the PIVOT operator to transform row data into columnar data and UNPIVOT to convert columns back into rows. These operations are crucial for reshaping data for reporting and analysis.

12. Dynamic SQL: Learn how to write dynamic SQL queries that are constructed and executed at runtime. This is useful when the exact SQL query cannot be determined until runtime, such as in scenarios involving user-defined filters or conditional logic.

13. Data Partitioning: Understand how to implement data partitioning strategies, such as range partitioning or list partitioning, to manage large tables efficiently. Partitioning can significantly improve query performance and manageability.

14. Temporary Tables: Learn how to create and use temporary tables to store intermediate results within a session. Understand the differences between local and global temporary tables, and when to use them.

15. Materialized Views: Use materialized views to store the result of a query physically and update it periodically. This can drastically improve performance for complex queries that need to be executed frequently.

16. Handling Complex Data Types: Understand how to work with complex data types such as JSON, XML, and arrays. Learn how to store, query, and manipulate these types in SQL databases, including using functions like JSON_EXTRACT(), XMLQUERY(), or array functions.

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