Python for Data Analysis: Must-Know Libraries 👇👇

Python is one of the most powerful tools for Data Analysts, and these libraries will supercharge your data analysis workflow by helping you clean, manipulate, and visualize data efficiently.

🔥 Essential Python Libraries for Data Analysis:

✅ Pandas – The go-to library for data manipulation. It helps in filtering, grouping, merging datasets, handling missing values, and transforming data into a structured format.

📌 Example: Loading a CSV file and displaying the first 5 rows:

import pandas as pd df = pd.read_csv('data.csv') print(df.head()) 

✅ NumPy – Used for handling numerical data and performing complex calculations. It provides support for multi-dimensional arrays and efficient mathematical operations.

📌 Example: Creating an array and performing basic operations:

import numpy as np arr = np.array([10, 20, 30]) print(arr.mean()) # Calculates the average 

✅ Matplotlib & Seaborn – These are used for creating visualizations like line graphs, bar charts, and scatter plots to understand trends and patterns in data.

📌 Example: Creating a basic bar chart:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.bar(['A', 'B', 'C'], [5, 7, 3]) plt.show() 

✅ Scikit-Learn – A must-learn library if you want to apply machine learning techniques like regression, classification, and clustering on your dataset.

✅ OpenPyXL – Helps in automating Excel reports using Python by reading, writing, and modifying Excel files.

💡 Challenge for You!
Try writing a Python script that:
1️⃣ Reads a CSV file
2️⃣ Cleans missing data
3️⃣ Creates a simple visualization

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This is how data analytics teams work!

Example:
1) Senior Management at Swiggy/Infosys/HDFC/XYZ company needs data-driven insights to solve a critical business challenge.

So, they onboard a data analytics team to provide support.

2) A team from Analytics Team/Consulting Firm/Internal Data Science Division is onboarded.
The team typically consists of a Lead Analyst/Manager and 2-3 Data Analysts/Junior Analysts.

3) This data analytics team (1 manager + 2-3 analysts) is part of a bigger ecosystem that they can rely upon:
- A Senior Data Scientist/Analytics Lead who has industry knowledge and experience solving similar problems.
- Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) from various domains like AI, Machine Learning, or industry-specific fields (e.g., Marketing, Supply Chain, Finance).
- Business Intelligence (BI) Experts and Data Engineers who ensure that the data is well-structured and easy to interpret.
- External Tools & Platforms (e.g., Power BI, Tableau, Google Analytics) that can be leveraged for advanced analytics.
- Data Experts who specialize in various data sources, research, and methods to get the right information.

4) Every member of this ecosystem collaborates to create value for the client:
- The entire team works toward solving the client’s business problem using data-driven insights.
- The Manager & Analysts may not be industry experts but have access to the right tools and people to bring the expertise required.
- If help is needed from a Data Scientist sitting in New York or a Cloud Engineer in Singapore, it’s available—collaboration is key!

End of the day:
1) Data analytics teams aren’t just about crunching numbers—they’re about solving problems using data-driven insights.
2) EVERYONE in this ecosystem plays a vital role and is rewarded well because the value they create helps the business make informed decisions!
3) You should consider working in this field for a few years, at least. It’ll teach you how to break down complex business problems and solve them with data. And trust me, data-driven decision-making is one of the most powerful skills to have today!

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SQL Basics for Beginners: Must-Know Concepts

1. What is SQL?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language used to communicate with databases. It allows you to query, update, and manage relational databases by writing simple or complex queries.

2. SQL Syntax
SQL is written using statements, which consist of keywords like SELECT, FROM, WHERE, etc., to perform operations on the data.
- SQL keywords are not case-sensitive, but it's common to write them in uppercase (e.g., SELECT, FROM).

3. SQL Data Types
Databases store data in different formats. The most common data types are:
- INT (Integer): For whole numbers.
- VARCHAR(n) or TEXT: For storing text data.
- DATE: For dates.
- DECIMAL: For precise decimal values, often used in financial calculations.

4. Basic SQL Queries
Here are some fundamental SQL operations:

- SELECT Statement: Used to retrieve data from a database.

     SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;
     

- WHERE Clause: Filters data based on conditions.

     SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition;
     

- ORDER BY: Sorts data in ascending (ASC) or descending (DESC) order.

     SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name ORDER BY column1 ASC;
     

- LIMIT: Limits the number of rows returned.

     SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT 5;
     

5. Filtering Data with WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause helps you filter data based on a condition:

   SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 50000;
   

You can use comparison operators like:
- =: Equal to
- >: Greater than
- <: Less than
- LIKE: For pattern matching

6. Aggregating Data
SQL provides functions to summarize or aggregate data:
- COUNT(): Counts the number of rows.

     SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
     

- SUM(): Adds up values in a column.

     SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees;
     

- AVG(): Calculates the average value.

     SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;
     

- GROUP BY: Groups rows that have the same values into summary rows.

     SELECT department, AVG(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY department;
     

7. Joins in SQL
Joins combine data from two or more tables:
- INNER JOIN: Retrieves records with matching values in both tables.

     SELECT employees.name, departments.department
     FROM employees
     INNER JOIN departments
     ON employees.department_id = departments.id;
     

- LEFT JOIN: Retrieves all records from the left table and matched records from the right table.

     SELECT employees.name, departments.department
     FROM employees
     LEFT JOIN departments
     ON employees.department_id = departments.id;
     

8. Inserting Data
To add new data to a table, you use the INSERT INTO statement:

   INSERT INTO employees (name, position, salary) VALUES ('John Doe', 'Analyst', 60000);
   

9. Updating Data
You can update existing data in a table using the UPDATE statement:

   UPDATE employees SET salary = 65000 WHERE name = 'John Doe';
   

10. Deleting Data
To remove data from a table, use the DELETE statement:

    DELETE FROM employees WHERE name = 'John Doe';
    

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Roadmap to master SQL:

📂 *Basic SQL Concepts*
∟📂 Understand Databases & Tables
∟📂 Learn SQL Syntax & Structure
∟📂 Learn Data Types in SQL
∟📂 Learn Basic SELECT Queries
∟📂 Learn WHERE Clause for Filtering Data
∟📂 Learn ORDER BY for Sorting Data

📂 *Advanced SQL Queries*
∟📂 Learn JOINs (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL, SELF)
∟📂 Learn Aggregation Functions (SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX)
∟📂 Learn GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
∟📂 Learn Subqueries (Nested Queries)
∟📂 Learn UNION and INTERSECT
∟📂 Learn LIKE, IN, and BETWEEN Operators

📂 *Advanced Data Manipulation*
∟📂 Learn Data Manipulation (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)
∟📂 Learn Data Constraints (PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL)
∟📂 Learn Normalization & Denormalization
∟📂 Learn Transactions & COMMIT/ROLLBACK

📂 *Performance Optimization*
∟📂 Learn Indexing
∟📂 Learn Query Optimization Techniques
∟📂 Learn EXPLAIN Plan

📂 *Common SQL Functions*
∟📂 Learn Date & Time Functions
∟📂 Learn String Functions (CONCAT, SUBSTRING, TRIM, etc.)
∟📂 Learn Mathematical Functions
∟📂 Learn Window Functions (ROW_NUMBER, RANK, PARTITION BY)

📂 *Working with Views and Stored Procedures*
∟📂 Learn Creating and Using Views
∟📂 Learn Creating and Using Stored Procedures
∟📂 Learn Triggers and Functions

📂 *Build Projects*
∟📂 Create Data Analytics Reports using SQL
∟📂 Build a Database from Scratch
∟📂 Work on Data Cleaning and Transformation Projects

📂 ✅ *Apply for Jobs*
∟📂 Apply for Data Analyst Roles
∟📂 Highlight SQL Skills & Projects in Resume

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Reality check on Data Analytics jobs:

⟶ Most recruiters & employers are open to different backgrounds
⟶ The "essential skills" are usually a mix of hard and soft skills

Desired hard skills:

⟶ Excel - every job needs it
⟶ SQL - data retrieval and manipulation
⟶ Data Visualization - Tableau, Power BI, or Excel (Advanced)
⟶ Python - Basics, Numpy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Seaborn, Scikit-learn, etc

Desired soft skills:

⟶ Communication
⟶ Teamwork & Collaboration
⟶ Problem Solver
⟶ Critical Thinking

If you're lacking in some of the hard skills, start learning them through online courses or engaging in personal projects.

But don't forget to highlight your soft skills in your job application - they're equally important.

In short: Excel + SQL + Data Viz + Python + Communication + Teamwork + Problem Solver + Critical Thinking = Data Analytics

Building Your Personal Brand as a Data Analyst 🚀

A strong personal brand can help you land better job opportunities, attract freelance clients, and position you as a thought leader in data analytics.

Here’s how to build and grow your brand effectively:

1️⃣ Optimize Your LinkedIn Profile 🔍

Use a clear, professional profile picture and a compelling headline (e.g., Data Analyst | SQL | Power BI | Python Enthusiast).

Write an engaging "About" section showcasing your skills, experience, and passion for data analytics.

Share projects, case studies, and insights to demonstrate expertise.

Engage with industry leaders, recruiters, and fellow analysts.


2️⃣ Share Valuable Content Consistently ✍️

Post insightful LinkedIn posts, Medium articles, or Twitter threads on SQL, Power BI, Python, and industry trends.

Write about real-world case studies, common mistakes, and career advice.

Share data visualization tips, SQL tricks, or step-by-step tutorials.


3️⃣ Contribute to Open-Source & GitHub 💻

Publish SQL queries, Python scripts, Jupyter notebooks, and dashboards.

Share projects with real datasets to showcase your hands-on skills.

Collaborate on open-source data analytics projects to gain exposure.


4️⃣ Engage in Online Data Analytics Communities 🌍

Join and contribute to Reddit (r/dataanalysis, r/SQL), Stack Overflow, and Data Science Discord groups.

Participate in Kaggle competitions to gain practical experience.

Answer questions on Quora, LinkedIn, or Twitter to establish credibility.


5️⃣ Speak at Webinars & Meetups 🎤

Host or participate in webinars on LinkedIn, YouTube, or data conferences.

Join local meetups or online communities like DataCamp and Tableau User Groups.

Share insights on career growth, best practices, and analytics trends.


6️⃣ Create a Portfolio Website 🌐

Build a personal website showcasing your projects, resume, and blog.

Include interactive dashboards, case studies, and problem-solving examples.

Use Wix, WordPress, or GitHub Pages to get started.


7️⃣ Network & Collaborate 🤝

Connect with hiring managers, recruiters, and senior analysts.

Collaborate on guest blog posts, podcasts, or YouTube interviews.

Attend data science and analytics conferences to expand your reach.


8️⃣ Start a YouTube Channel or Podcast 🎥

Share short tutorials on SQL, Power BI, Python, and Excel.

Interview industry experts and discuss data analytics career paths.

Offer career guidance, resume tips, and interview prep content.


9️⃣ Offer Free Value Before Monetizing 💡

Give away free e-books, templates, or mini-courses to attract an audience.

Provide LinkedIn Live Q&A sessions, career guidance, or free tutorials.

Once you build trust, you can monetize through consulting, courses, and coaching.


🔟 Stay Consistent & Keep Learning

Building a brand takes time—stay consistent with content creation and engagement.

Keep learning new skills and sharing your journey to stay relevant.

Follow industry leaders, subscribe to analytics blogs, and attend workshops.

A strong personal brand in data analytics can open unlimited opportunities—from job offers to freelance gigs and consulting projects.

Start small, be consistent, and showcase your expertise! 🔥

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#dataanalyst

Essential Data Analysis Techniques Every Analyst Should Know

1. Descriptive Statistics: Understanding measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of spread (variance, standard deviation) to summarize data.

2. Data Cleaning: Techniques to handle missing values, outliers, and inconsistencies in data, ensuring that the data is accurate and reliable for analysis.

3. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Using visualization tools like histograms, scatter plots, and box plots to uncover patterns, trends, and relationships in the data.

4. Hypothesis Testing: The process of making inferences about a population based on sample data, including understanding p-values, confidence intervals, and statistical significance.

5. Correlation and Regression Analysis: Techniques to measure the strength of relationships between variables and predict future outcomes based on existing data.

6. Time Series Analysis: Analyzing data collected over time to identify trends, seasonality, and cyclical patterns for forecasting purposes.

7. Clustering: Grouping similar data points together based on characteristics, useful in customer segmentation and market analysis.

8. Dimensionality Reduction: Techniques like PCA (Principal Component Analysis) to reduce the number of variables in a dataset while preserving as much information as possible.

9. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance): A statistical method used to compare the means of three or more samples, determining if at least one mean is different.

10. Machine Learning Integration: Applying machine learning algorithms to enhance data analysis, enabling predictions, and automation of tasks.

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10 Data Analyst Interview Questions You Should Be Ready For (2025)

✅ Explain the difference between INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN.
✅ What are window functions in SQL? Give an example.
✅ How do you handle missing or duplicate data in a dataset?
✅ Describe a situation where you derived insights that influenced a business decision.
✅ What’s the difference between correlation and causation?
✅ How would you optimize a slow SQL query?
✅ Explain the use of GROUP BY and HAVING in SQL.
✅ How do you choose the right chart for a dataset?
✅ What’s the difference between a dashboard and a report?
✅ Which libraries in Python do you use for data cleaning and analysis?

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Common Data Cleaning Techniques for Data Analysts

Remove Duplicates:

Purpose: Eliminate repeated rows to maintain unique data.

Example: SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM table;


Handle Missing Values:

Purpose: Fill, remove, or impute missing data.

Example:

Remove: df.dropna() (in Python/Pandas)

Fill: df.fillna(0)


Standardize Data:

Purpose: Convert data to a consistent format (e.g., dates, numbers).

Example: Convert text to lowercase: df['column'] = df['column'].str.lower()


Remove Outliers:

Purpose: Identify and remove extreme values.

Example: df = df[df['column'] < threshold]


Correct Data Types:

Purpose: Ensure columns have the correct data type (e.g., dates as datetime, numeric values as integers).

Example: df['date'] = pd.to_datetime(df['date'])


Normalize Data:

Purpose: Scale numerical data to a standard range (0 to 1).

Example: from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler; df['scaled'] = MinMaxScaler().fit_transform(df[['column']])


Data Transformation:

Purpose: Transform or aggregate data for better analysis (e.g., log transformations, aggregating columns).

Example: Apply log transformation: df['log_column'] = np.log(df['column'] + 1)


Handle Categorical Data:

Purpose: Convert categorical data into numerical data using encoding techniques.

Example: df['encoded_column'] = pd.get_dummies(df['category_column'])


Impute Missing Values:

Purpose: Fill missing values with a meaningful value (e.g., mean, median, or a specific value).

Example: df['column'] = df['column'].fillna(df['column'].mean())

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1. What is a UNIQUE constraint?

The UNIQUE Constraint prevents identical values in a column from appearing in two records. The UNIQUE constraint guarantees that every value in a column is unique.

2. What is a Self-Join?

A self-join is a type of join that can be used to connect two tables. As a result, it is a unary relationship. Each row of the table is attached to itself and all other rows of the same table in a self-join. As a result, a self-join is mostly used to combine and compare rows from the same database table.

3. What is the case when in SQL Server?

The CASE statement is used to construct logic in which one column’s value is determined by the values of other columns. The condition to be tested is specified by the WHEN statement. If the WHEN condition returns TRUE, the THEN sentence explains what to do.
When none of the WHEN conditions return true, the ELSE statement is executed. The END keyword brings the CASE statement to a close.

4. What is the main difference between ‘BETWEEN’ and ‘IN’ condition operators?

BETWEEN operator is used to display rows based on a range of values in a row whereas the IN condition operator is used to check for values contained in a specific set of values.

Data Analyst Roadmap

Python Detailed Roadmap 🚀

📌 1. Basics
◼ Data Types & Variables
◼ Operators & Expressions
◼ Control Flow (if, loops)

📌 2. Functions & Modules
◼ Defining Functions
◼ Lambda Functions
◼ Importing & Creating Modules

📌 3. File Handling
◼ Reading & Writing Files
◼ Working with CSV & JSON

📌 4. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
◼ Classes & Objects
◼ Inheritance & Polymorphism
◼ Encapsulation

📌 5. Exception Handling
◼ Try-Except Blocks
◼ Custom Exceptions

📌 6. Advanced Python Concepts
◼ List & Dictionary Comprehensions
◼ Generators & Iterators
◼ Decorators

📌 7. Essential Libraries
◼ NumPy (Arrays & Computations)
◼ Pandas (Data Analysis)
◼ Matplotlib & Seaborn (Visualization)

📌 8. Web Development & APIs
◼ Web Scraping (BeautifulSoup, Scrapy)
◼ API Integration (Requests)
◼ Flask & Django (Backend Development)

📌 9. Automation & Scripting
◼ Automating Tasks with Python
◼ Working with Selenium & PyAutoGUI

📌 10. Data Science & Machine Learning
◼ Data Cleaning & Preprocessing
◼ Scikit-Learn (ML Algorithms)
◼ TensorFlow & PyTorch (Deep Learning)

📌 11. Projects
◼ Build Real-World Applications
◼ Showcase on GitHub

📌 12. ✅ Apply for Jobs
◼ Strengthen Resume & Portfolio
◼ Prepare for Technical Interviews

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Final Preparation Guide for Data Analytics Interviews: (IMP)

➡Key SQL Concepts:
- Master SELECT statements, focusing on WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses.
- Understand the basics of JOINS: INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL.
- Get comfortable with aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, and MIN.
- Study subqueries and Common Table Expressions.
- Explore advanced topics like CASE statements, complex JOIN strategies, and Window functions (OVER, PARTITION BY, ROW_NUMBER, RANK).

➡Python for Data Analysis:
- Review the basics of Python syntax, control structures, and data structures (lists, dictionaries).
- Dive into data manipulation using Pandas and NumPy, covering DataFrames, Series, and group by operations.
- Learn basic plotting techniques with Matplotlib and Seaborn for data visualization.

➡ Excel Skills:
- Practice cell operations and essential formulas like SUMIFS, COUNTIFS, and AVERAGEIFS.
- Familiarize yourself with PivotTables, PivotCharts, data validation, and What-if analysis.
- Explore advanced formulas and work with the Data Model & Power Pivot.

➡ Power BI Proficiency:
- Focus on data modeling, including importing data and managing relationships.
- Learn data transformation techniques with Power Query and use DAX for calculated columns and measures.
- Create interactive reports and dashboards, and work on visualizations.

➡ Basic Statistics:
- Understand fundamental concepts like Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, and Variance.
- Study probability distributions, Hypothesis Testing, and P-values.
- Learn about Confidence Intervals, Correlation, and Simple Linear Regression.

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Types of Data Analysis

Becoming a Data Analyst in 2025 is more difficult than it was a couple of years ago. The competition has grown but so has the demand for Data Analysts!

There are 5 areas you need to excel at to land a career in data. (so punny...)
1. Skills
2. Experience
3. Networking
4. Job Search
5. Education

Let's dive into the first and most important area, skills.

Skills
Every data analytics job will require a different set of skills for their job description. To cover the majority of entry-level positions, you should focus on the core 3 (or 4 if you have time).
- Excel
- SQL
- Tableau or Power BI
- Python or R(optional)
No need to learn any more than this to get started. Start learning other skills AFTER you land your first job and see what data analytics path you really enjoy.
You might fall into a path that doesn't require Python at all and if you took 3 months to learn it, you wasted 3 months. Your goal should be to get your foot in the door.

Experience
So how do you show that you have experience if you have never worked as a Data Analyst professionally? 
It's actually easier than you think! 
There are a few ways you can gain experience. volunteer, freelance, or any analytics work at your current job.
First ask your friends, family, or even Reddit if anyone needs help with their data.
Second, you can join Upwork or Fiverr to land some freelance gigs to gain great experience and some extra money.
Thirdly, even if your title isn't "Data Analyst", you might analyze data anyway. Use this as experience!

Networking
I love this section the most. It has been proven by everyone I have mentored that this is one of the most important areas to learn.
Start talking to other Data Analysts, start connecting with the RIGHT people, start posting on LinkedIn, start following people in the field, and start commenting on posts.
All of this, over time, will continue to get "eyes" on your profile. This will lead to more calls, interviews, and like the people I teach, job offers. 
Consistency is important here.

Job Search
I believe this is not a skill and is more like a "numbers game". And the ones who excel here, are the ones who are consistent.
I'm not saying you need to apply all day every day but you should spend SOME time applying every day.
This is important because you don't know when exactly a company will be posting their job posting. You also want to be one of the first people to apply so that means you need to check the job boards in multiple small chunks rather than spend all of your time applying in a single chunk of time.
The best way to do this is to open up all of the filters and select the most recent and posted within the last 3 days. 

Education
If you have a degree or are currently on your way to getting one, this section doesn't really apply to you since you have a leg up on a lot more job opportunities.

So how else does someone show they are educated enough to become a Data Analyst?
You need to prove it by taking relevant courses in relation to the industry you want to enter. After the course, the actual certificate does not hold much weight unless it's an accredited certificate like a Tableau Professional Certificate. 

To counter this, you need to use your project descriptions to explain how you used data to solve a business problem and explain it professionally.

There are so many other areas you could work on but focussing on these to start will definitely get you going in the right direction. 

Take time to put these actions to work. Pivot when something isn't working and adapt.
It will take time but these actions will reduce the time it takes you to become a Data Analyst in 2025

Hope this helps you 😊

1. What is Data Integrity?

Data Integrity is the assurance of accuracy and consistency of data over its entire life-cycle and is a critical aspect of the design, implementation, and usage of any system which stores, processes, or retrieves data. It also defines integrity constraints to enforce business rules on the data when it is entered into an application or a database.

2. What is the Difference Between Joining and Blending in Tableau?

Combining the data from two or more different sources is data blending, such as Oracle, Excel, and SQL Server. In data blending, each data source contains its own set of dimensions and measures. Combining the data between two or more tables or sheets within the same data source is data joining. All the combined tables or sheets contain a common set of dimensions and measures.

3. What is slicing in Python?
As the name suggests, ‘slicing’ is taking parts of.
Syntax for slicing is [start : stop : step]
start is the starting index from where to slice a list or tuple
stop is the ending index or where to stop.
step is the number of steps to jump.
Default value for start is 0, stop is number of items, step is 1.
Slicing can be done on strings, arrays, lists, and tuples.

4. What is the difference between NOW() and CURRENT_DATE() in SQL?

NOW() returns a constant time that indicates the time at which the statement began to execute. (Within a stored function or trigger, NOW() returns the time at which the function or triggering statement began to execute.

The simple difference between NOW() and CURRENT_DATE() is that NOW() will fetch the current date and time both in format ‘YYYY-MM_DD HH:MM:SS’ while CURRENT_DATE() will fetch the date of the current day ‘YYYY-MM_DD’.

UNPOPULAR OPINION: Excel is still relevant for data analysis.

I am often asked by junior data analysts, “What is the purpose of learning Excel if they already know Python?”.

The truth is, Excel/Google Sheets are still widely used across most organizations. And if you are working with other people, sooner or later you will be asked to do some quick analysis in Excel.

Yes, even if your organization has Tableau/PowerBI, someone will still download report as CSV and do his own analysis.

If you are just starting your data analytics journey, I always recommend Excel as the first tool to learn.

It will help you to understand how tabular data works.

LOOKUPS are like JOINS in SQL;
VSTACK is UNION in SQL;
and FILTER, SORT, GROUPBY are similar to Python functions.

By learning Excel, you are setting a foundation for other tools.

Excel might not be the trendiest and coolest tool in data analytics, but it is versatile, accessible, and universal.