Here are 10 popular programming languages based on versatile, widely-used, and in-demand languages:
1. Python – Ideal for beginners and professionals; used in web development, data analysis, AI, and more.
2. Java – A classic language for building enterprise applications, Android apps, and large-scale systems.
3. C – The foundation for many other languages; great for understanding low-level programming concepts.
4. C++ – Popular for game development, competitive programming, and performance-critical applications.
5. C# – Widely used for Windows applications, game development (Unity), and enterprise software.
6. Go (Golang) – A modern language designed for performance and scalability, popular in cloud services.
7. Rust – Known for its safety and performance, ideal for system-level programming.
8. Kotlin – The preferred language for Android development with modern features.
9. Swift – Used for developing iOS and macOS applications with simplicity and power.
10. PHP – A staple for web development, powering many websites and applications.
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API Architecture Styles
Choosing the Right API Style Today
APIs come in many flavors, each suited for different needs. SOAP, though reliable for enterprise apps, feels outdated with its XML complexity. RESTful APIs are still the go-to for simplicity and wide adoption, but they can suffer from over- or under-fetching data.
GraphQL is the modern favorite, perfect for getting exactly the data you need—great for front-end flexibility. gRPC shines in high-performance, microservices-heavy environments, while WebSockets handle real-time, low-latency communication brilliantly. Finally, Webhooks are ideal for event-driven applications with asynchronous needs.
In today’s world, GraphQL or RESTful APIs often dominate, but your choice should depend on your app’s specific requirements.
Choosing the Right API Style Today
APIs come in many flavors, each suited for different needs. SOAP, though reliable for enterprise apps, feels outdated with its XML complexity. RESTful APIs are still the go-to for simplicity and wide adoption, but they can suffer from over- or under-fetching data.
GraphQL is the modern favorite, perfect for getting exactly the data you need—great for front-end flexibility. gRPC shines in high-performance, microservices-heavy environments, while WebSockets handle real-time, low-latency communication brilliantly. Finally, Webhooks are ideal for event-driven applications with asynchronous needs.
In today’s world, GraphQL or RESTful APIs often dominate, but your choice should depend on your app’s specific requirements.
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DSA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. What is the difference between file structure and storage structure?
The difference lies in the memory area accessed. Storage structure refers to the data structure in the memory of the computer system,
whereas file structure represents the storage structure in the auxiliary memory.
2. Are linked lists considered linear or non-linear Data Structures?
Linked lists are considered both linear and non-linear data structures depending upon the application they are used for. When used for
access strategies, it is considered as a linear data-structure. When used for data storage, it is considered a non-linear data structure.
3. How do you reference all of the elements in a one-dimension array?
All of the elements in a one-dimension array can be referenced using an indexed loop as the array subscript so that the counter runs
from 0 to the array size minus one.
4. What are dynamic Data Structures? Name a few.
They are collections of data in memory that expand and contract to grow or shrink in size as a program runs. This enables the programmer
to control exactly how much memory is to be utilized.Examples are the dynamic array, linked list, stack, queue, and heap.
5. What is a Dequeue?
It is a double-ended queue, or a data structure, where the elements can be inserted or deleted at both ends (FRONT and REAR).
6. What operations can be performed on queues?
enqueue() adds an element to the end of the queue
dequeue() removes an element from the front of the queue
init() is used for initializing the queue
isEmpty tests for whether or not the queue is empty
The front is used to get the value of the first data item but does not remove it
The rear is used to get the last item from a queue.
7. What is the merge sort? How does it work?
Merge sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm for sorting the data. It works by merging and sorting adjacent data to create bigger sorted
lists, which are then merged recursively to form even bigger sorted lists until you have one single sorted list.
8.How does the Selection sort work?
Selection sort works by repeatedly picking the smallest number in ascending order from the list and placing it at the beginning. This process is repeated moving toward the end of the list or sorted subarray.
Scan all items and find the smallest. Switch over the position as the first item. Repeat the selection sort on the remaining N-1 items. We always iterate forward (i from 0 to N-1) and swap with the smallest element (always i).
Time complexity: best case O(n2); worst O(n2)
Space complexity: worst O(1)
9. What are the applications of graph Data Structure?
Transport grids where stations are represented as vertices and routes as the edges of the graph
Utility graphs of power or water, where vertices are connection points and edge the wires or pipes connecting them
Social network graphs to determine the flow of information and hotspots (edges and vertices)
Neural networks where vertices represent neurons and edge the synapses between them
10. What is an AVL tree?
An AVL (Adelson, Velskii, and Landi) tree is a height balancing binary search tree in which the difference of heights of the left
and right subtrees of any node is less than or equal to one. This controls the height of the binary search tree by not letting
it get skewed. This is used when working with a large data set, with continual pruning through insertion and deletion of data.
11. Differentiate NULL and VOID ?
Null is a value, whereas Void is a data type identifier
Null indicates an empty value for a variable, whereas void indicates pointers that have no initial size
Null means it never existed; Void means it existed but is not in effect
You can check these resources for Coding interview Preparation
Credits: https://t.iss.one/free4unow_backup
All the best 👍👍
1. What is the difference between file structure and storage structure?
The difference lies in the memory area accessed. Storage structure refers to the data structure in the memory of the computer system,
whereas file structure represents the storage structure in the auxiliary memory.
2. Are linked lists considered linear or non-linear Data Structures?
Linked lists are considered both linear and non-linear data structures depending upon the application they are used for. When used for
access strategies, it is considered as a linear data-structure. When used for data storage, it is considered a non-linear data structure.
3. How do you reference all of the elements in a one-dimension array?
All of the elements in a one-dimension array can be referenced using an indexed loop as the array subscript so that the counter runs
from 0 to the array size minus one.
4. What are dynamic Data Structures? Name a few.
They are collections of data in memory that expand and contract to grow or shrink in size as a program runs. This enables the programmer
to control exactly how much memory is to be utilized.Examples are the dynamic array, linked list, stack, queue, and heap.
5. What is a Dequeue?
It is a double-ended queue, or a data structure, where the elements can be inserted or deleted at both ends (FRONT and REAR).
6. What operations can be performed on queues?
enqueue() adds an element to the end of the queue
dequeue() removes an element from the front of the queue
init() is used for initializing the queue
isEmpty tests for whether or not the queue is empty
The front is used to get the value of the first data item but does not remove it
The rear is used to get the last item from a queue.
7. What is the merge sort? How does it work?
Merge sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm for sorting the data. It works by merging and sorting adjacent data to create bigger sorted
lists, which are then merged recursively to form even bigger sorted lists until you have one single sorted list.
8.How does the Selection sort work?
Selection sort works by repeatedly picking the smallest number in ascending order from the list and placing it at the beginning. This process is repeated moving toward the end of the list or sorted subarray.
Scan all items and find the smallest. Switch over the position as the first item. Repeat the selection sort on the remaining N-1 items. We always iterate forward (i from 0 to N-1) and swap with the smallest element (always i).
Time complexity: best case O(n2); worst O(n2)
Space complexity: worst O(1)
9. What are the applications of graph Data Structure?
Transport grids where stations are represented as vertices and routes as the edges of the graph
Utility graphs of power or water, where vertices are connection points and edge the wires or pipes connecting them
Social network graphs to determine the flow of information and hotspots (edges and vertices)
Neural networks where vertices represent neurons and edge the synapses between them
10. What is an AVL tree?
An AVL (Adelson, Velskii, and Landi) tree is a height balancing binary search tree in which the difference of heights of the left
and right subtrees of any node is less than or equal to one. This controls the height of the binary search tree by not letting
it get skewed. This is used when working with a large data set, with continual pruning through insertion and deletion of data.
11. Differentiate NULL and VOID ?
Null is a value, whereas Void is a data type identifier
Null indicates an empty value for a variable, whereas void indicates pointers that have no initial size
Null means it never existed; Void means it existed but is not in effect
You can check these resources for Coding interview Preparation
Credits: https://t.iss.one/free4unow_backup
All the best 👍👍
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Here are 5 passive income ideas for developers👨🏻💻 -
1. Build and Sell Apps or Plugins 🛠️📱
Create a simple app, browser extension, or WordPress plugin. Publish it, set a price, and let the downloads roll in! 💵
2. Launch an Online Course 🎓💻
Share your coding wisdom! Record tutorials on platforms like Udemy or Gumroad, and earn every time someone enrolls. 📚✨
3. Develop SaaS Products ☁️🚀
Solve a niche problem with a subscription-based software service. Think task trackers, productivity tools, or analytics dashboards! 💡💰
4. Write a Tech Ebook 📖👨💻
Document your expertise in a programming language or framework. Publish it on Amazon or Leanpub and watch the royalties stack up. 📘💸
5. Create a YouTube Channel 📹💻
Share coding tutorials, dev tips, or even live coding sessions. Once you get enough views and subscribers, YouTube ads, sponsorships, and memberships can bring in steady income! 🎬💰
1. Build and Sell Apps or Plugins 🛠️📱
Create a simple app, browser extension, or WordPress plugin. Publish it, set a price, and let the downloads roll in! 💵
2. Launch an Online Course 🎓💻
Share your coding wisdom! Record tutorials on platforms like Udemy or Gumroad, and earn every time someone enrolls. 📚✨
3. Develop SaaS Products ☁️🚀
Solve a niche problem with a subscription-based software service. Think task trackers, productivity tools, or analytics dashboards! 💡💰
4. Write a Tech Ebook 📖👨💻
Document your expertise in a programming language or framework. Publish it on Amazon or Leanpub and watch the royalties stack up. 📘💸
5. Create a YouTube Channel 📹💻
Share coding tutorials, dev tips, or even live coding sessions. Once you get enough views and subscribers, YouTube ads, sponsorships, and memberships can bring in steady income! 🎬💰
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To become a Machine Learning Engineer:
• Python
• numpy, pandas, matplotlib, Scikit-Learn
• TensorFlow or PyTorch
• Jupyter, Colab
• Analysis > Code
• 99%: Foundational algorithms
• 1%: Other algorithms
• Solve problems ← This is key
• Teaching = 2 × Learning
• Have fun!
• Python
• numpy, pandas, matplotlib, Scikit-Learn
• TensorFlow or PyTorch
• Jupyter, Colab
• Analysis > Code
• 99%: Foundational algorithms
• 1%: Other algorithms
• Solve problems ← This is key
• Teaching = 2 × Learning
• Have fun!
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The Statistics and Machine Learning with R Workshop.pdf
25.7 MB
The Statistics and Machine Learning with R Workshop
Liu Peng, 2023
Liu Peng, 2023
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