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SUFISM
• Sufism or mysticism emerged in the 8th century. By the 12th century, the Sufis were organised in Silsilahs (i.e., orders, which basically represented an unbreakable chain between the Pir, the teacher, and the murids, the disciples). The four most popular Silsilahs were the Chistis, Suhrawardis, Qadiriyahs, and Naqshbandis.
• There were two broad Sufi orders:
o Bashara – Those who obeyed the Islamic laws.
o Beshara – Those who were more liberal.
• Alongside the liberal and unorthodox Sufi movement, the Bhakti cult was gaining strength among the Hindus and these two parallel movements based on the doctrines of love and selfless devotion contributed a great deal in bringing both the communities of Hindus and Muslims closer together.
• Sufism or mysticism emerged in the 8th century. By the 12th century, the Sufis were organised in Silsilahs (i.e., orders, which basically represented an unbreakable chain between the Pir, the teacher, and the murids, the disciples). The four most popular Silsilahs were the Chistis, Suhrawardis, Qadiriyahs, and Naqshbandis.
• There were two broad Sufi orders:
o Bashara – Those who obeyed the Islamic laws.
o Beshara – Those who were more liberal.
• Alongside the liberal and unorthodox Sufi movement, the Bhakti cult was gaining strength among the Hindus and these two parallel movements based on the doctrines of love and selfless devotion contributed a great deal in bringing both the communities of Hindus and Muslims closer together.
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The Taj Mahal
▪️ Taj Mahal was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal with construction starting in 1632 AD and completed in 1648 AD.
▪️ Chahar Bagh or Chah Bagh is a Persian style layout of Gardens brought to India by Mughals and subsequently updated according to Indian conditions. In Indian scenario it meant a square walled garden divided into four by intersecting water channels. Generally main buildings were built in the middle of garden
▪️ Taj Mahal is built on one of the extremes of this on river front.
▪️ Calligraphy (decorative handwriting) was an ornamental decoration done on surface of building, usually using Quranic verses. In Taj Mahal, by inlaying jasper into white marble this technique of embellishment is beautifully used to enhance beauty of structure.
▪️ Pietra Dura (cut and fit technique) is inlaying technique of semiprecious stones of various colours, including lapis lazuli in highly formalized and intertwining geometric and floral designs.
▪️ Taj Mahal was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal with construction starting in 1632 AD and completed in 1648 AD.
▪️ Chahar Bagh or Chah Bagh is a Persian style layout of Gardens brought to India by Mughals and subsequently updated according to Indian conditions. In Indian scenario it meant a square walled garden divided into four by intersecting water channels. Generally main buildings were built in the middle of garden
▪️ Taj Mahal is built on one of the extremes of this on river front.
▪️ Calligraphy (decorative handwriting) was an ornamental decoration done on surface of building, usually using Quranic verses. In Taj Mahal, by inlaying jasper into white marble this technique of embellishment is beautifully used to enhance beauty of structure.
▪️ Pietra Dura (cut and fit technique) is inlaying technique of semiprecious stones of various colours, including lapis lazuli in highly formalized and intertwining geometric and floral designs.
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Attlee’s Statement
• Clement Attlee, the British Prime Minister made an announcement on February 20, 1947 declaring the British intention of leaving the Indian subcontinent.
It said:
• A deadline of June 30, 1948 was fixed for transfer of power even if the Indian politicians had not agreed by that time on the constitution.
• The British would relinquish power either to some form of central government or in some areas to the existing provincial governments if the constituent assembly was not fully representative, i.e., if the Muslim majority provinces did not join.
• British powers and obligations vis-a-vis the princely states would lapse with transfer of power, but these would not be transferred to any successor government in British India.
• Mountbatten would replace Wavell as the viceroy.
• Clement Attlee, the British Prime Minister made an announcement on February 20, 1947 declaring the British intention of leaving the Indian subcontinent.
It said:
• A deadline of June 30, 1948 was fixed for transfer of power even if the Indian politicians had not agreed by that time on the constitution.
• The British would relinquish power either to some form of central government or in some areas to the existing provincial governments if the constituent assembly was not fully representative, i.e., if the Muslim majority provinces did not join.
• British powers and obligations vis-a-vis the princely states would lapse with transfer of power, but these would not be transferred to any successor government in British India.
• Mountbatten would replace Wavell as the viceroy.
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The Bengal famine of 1943-44
A famine in the Bengal province of British India (present-day Bangladesh, West Bengal and eastern India) during World War II.Estimated 2.1 to 3.8 million deaths in Bengal alone.
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A famine in the Bengal province of British India (present-day Bangladesh, West Bengal and eastern India) during World War II.Estimated 2.1 to 3.8 million deaths in Bengal alone.
Join @History
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■ FIRST CABINET OF FREE INDIA.
@History
◇ Jawaharlal Nehru - Prime Minister; External Affairs & Commonwealth Relations; Scientific Research.
◇ Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel - Home, Information & Broadcasting; States.
◇ Dr. Rajendra Prasad - Food & Agriculture.
◇ Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Education.
◇ Dr. John Mathai - Railways & Transport.
◇ R.K. Shanmugham Chetty - Finance.
◇ Dr. B.R. Ambedkar - Law.
◇ Jagjivan Ram - Labour.
◇ Sardar Baldev Singh - Defence.
◇ Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur - Health.
◇ C.H. Bhabha - Commerce.
◇ Rafi Ahmed Kidwai - Communication.
◇ Dr. Shayama Prasad Mukherji - Industries & Supplies.
◇ V.N. Gadgil - Works, Mines & Power.
@History
◇ Jawaharlal Nehru - Prime Minister; External Affairs & Commonwealth Relations; Scientific Research.
◇ Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel - Home, Information & Broadcasting; States.
◇ Dr. Rajendra Prasad - Food & Agriculture.
◇ Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Education.
◇ Dr. John Mathai - Railways & Transport.
◇ R.K. Shanmugham Chetty - Finance.
◇ Dr. B.R. Ambedkar - Law.
◇ Jagjivan Ram - Labour.
◇ Sardar Baldev Singh - Defence.
◇ Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur - Health.
◇ C.H. Bhabha - Commerce.
◇ Rafi Ahmed Kidwai - Communication.
◇ Dr. Shayama Prasad Mukherji - Industries & Supplies.
◇ V.N. Gadgil - Works, Mines & Power.
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CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
• The Lahore Congress of 1929 had given the mandate to launch civil disobedience movement along with the non-payment of taxes.
• Mahatma Gandhi presented his 11 demands to the Viceroy Lord Irwin and gave him the ultimate of January 31, 1932 to acccept his 11 demands.
• In Tamil Nadu, C. Rajgopalchari led a march-similar to the Dandi marchfrom Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam.
• In Dharsana, in Gujarat, Sarojini Naidu, led non-violent satyagrahis in a march to the salt depots owned by the government.
• Khudai Khidmatgars movement, led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as Badshah Khan and the “Frontier Gandhi,” nonviolently mobilized to oppose the British in India’s Northwest Frontier Province.
• The Lahore Congress of 1929 had given the mandate to launch civil disobedience movement along with the non-payment of taxes.
• Mahatma Gandhi presented his 11 demands to the Viceroy Lord Irwin and gave him the ultimate of January 31, 1932 to acccept his 11 demands.
• In Tamil Nadu, C. Rajgopalchari led a march-similar to the Dandi marchfrom Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam.
• In Dharsana, in Gujarat, Sarojini Naidu, led non-violent satyagrahis in a march to the salt depots owned by the government.
• Khudai Khidmatgars movement, led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as Badshah Khan and the “Frontier Gandhi,” nonviolently mobilized to oppose the British in India’s Northwest Frontier Province.
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Genghis Khan was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of the Mongol steppe and being proclaimed the universal ruler of the Mongols, or Genghis Khan
Join @History
Join @History
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UPSC IAS Notification 2023.pdf
2.7 MB
📌UPSC CSE (IAS, IPS, IRMS) 2023
📚 Qualification: Graduation
📛 Total Post: 1105
💸 Fees: UR/EWS/OBC = 100 Rs.
SC/ST/PWD/Female = FREE
🔚 Last Date: 28/2/2023
For More Job Updates,👇JOIN
@History
📚 Qualification: Graduation
📛 Total Post: 1105
💸 Fees: UR/EWS/OBC = 100 Rs.
SC/ST/PWD/Female = FREE
🔚 Last Date: 28/2/2023
For More Job Updates,👇JOIN
@History
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The lovers of valdaro were two 6,000-years-old skeletons who appeared to have died in a lover's embrace, face to face with their arms and legs entwined.
Reference
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_of_Valdaro
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Reference
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_of_Valdaro
- @History
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Political History of Ancient India.pdf
156.3 MB
Political History of Ancient India by HC Raychaudhuri
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Survey Of Indian History Pannikar K.M..pdf
139.6 MB
A Survey of Indian History by KM Pannikar
Original Book
Original Book
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India: “The Emergency” and the Politics of Mass Sterilization - Association for Asian Studies
https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/india-the-emergency-and-the-politics-of-mass-sterilization/
https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/india-the-emergency-and-the-politics-of-mass-sterilization/
Education About Asia
India: “The Emergency” and the Politics of Mass Sterilization
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