🗂How To Use The "NOW" Function

The NOW function displays the time at which Excel updated the workbook’s formulas, so the value will change every time the workbook recalculates.

💥Note:
The proper form for this function is =NOW().

You could, for example, use the NOW function to calculate the elapsed time from when you started a process to the present time.

🗂Creating Formulas to Calculate Values

In Excel you can use the names of any ranges you defined to supply values for a formula.

In the table above, if the named range NortheastLastDay refers to cells C4:I4, you can calculate the average of cells C4:I4 with the formula =AVERAGE(NortheastLastDay).

With Excel, you can add functions, named ranges, and table references to your formulas more efficiently by using the Formula AutoComplete capability.

Just as AutoComplete offers to fill in a cell’s text value when Excel recognizes that the value you’re typing matches a previous entry.

💥Note:
Formula AutoComplete offers to help you fill in a function, named range, or table reference while you create a formula.

🗂Conditional Formulas

You can use formulas to display messages when certain conditions are met.

This kind of formula is called a conditional formula; one way to create a conditional formula in Excel is to use the IF function.

Clicking the Insert Function button next to the formula bar and then choosing the IF function displays the Function Arguments dialog box with the fields required to create an IF formula.

When you work with an IF function, the Function Arguments dialog box has three boxes:

- Logical_test,
- Value_if_true,
-Value_if_false.

The Logical_test box holds the condition you want to check. Now you need to have Excel display messages that indicate whether the condition is met or not.

To have Excel print a message from an IF function, you enclose the message in quotes in the Value_if_true or Value_if_false box.

Excel also includes several other conditional functions you can use to summarize your data, as shown in the below lesson.

Here are some Excel shortcuts that are commonly used by data analysts:

1. Ctrl + C: Copy
2. Ctrl + V: Paste
3. Ctrl + X: Cut
4. Ctrl + Z: Undo
5. Ctrl + Y: Redo
6. Ctrl + S: Save
7. Ctrl + F: Find
8. Ctrl + H: Replace
9. Ctrl + Arrow Keys: Navigate to the edge of data
10. Ctrl + Shift + Arrow Keys: Select data range
11. Ctrl + Home: Go to cell A1
12. Ctrl + End: Go to last cell with data
13. Ctrl + Shift + L: Toggle filters
14. Alt + ; : Select visible cells only
15. F2: Edit active cell
16. Ctrl + Shift + Enter: Enter an array formula
17. Ctrl + D: Fill down
18. Ctrl + R: Fill right
19. Ctrl + 1: Format cells dialog box
20. Ctrl + Shift + 1, 2, 3, etc.: Apply different number formats

These shortcuts can significantly increase your efficiency when working with Excel as a data analyst.

One of the very important tool that a data analyst must be aware of is Excel

If you want to be an Advanced Excel User, do this...

1. Autofit All Columns Alt + H + O + I
2. Flash Fill - CTRL+E
3. Pivot Table - Alt + N + V
4. Conditional Formatting - Alt + H + L
5. Auto Spell - F7

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🗂The order of operations used in MS Excel while evaluating formulas

MS Excel follows a standard math protocol to evaluate a formula.

This protocol is called “order of operations” – PEMDAS –

~Parentheses
~Exponents
~Multiplication
~Division
~Addition
~Subtraction

MS Excel also applies some customization to handle the formula syntax.

The order in which MS Excel performs calculations can affect the return value of the formula.

First of all, Excel evaluates any expressions in parentheses.

As we have seen in mathematical formulae too, parentheses essentially override the normal order of operations. It prioritizes certain operations.

Next, Excel resolves cell references like A1 (cell address). It evaluates range references like A1:A10, making them arrays of values. 

It also performs range operations like a union (comma) and an intersection (space).

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Excel Cheatsheet

Excel Cheat Sheet

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How to become a Data Analyst in 2025

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Top 10 Excel Interview Questions with Answers 😄👇

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1. Question: What is the difference between CONCATENATE and "&" in Excel?

Answer: CONCATENATE and "&" both combine text, but "&" is more concise. For example, =A1&B1 achieves the same result as =CONCATENATE(A1, B1).

2. Question: How can you freeze rows and columns simultaneously in Excel?

Answer: Use the "Freeze Panes" option under the "View" tab. Select the cell below and to the right of the rows and columns you want to freeze, and then click on "Freeze Panes."

3. Question: Explain the VLOOKUP function and when would you use it?

Answer: VLOOKUP searches for a value in the first column of a range and returns a corresponding value in the same row from another column. It's useful for looking up information in a table based on a specific criteria.

4. Question: What is the purpose of the IFERROR function?

Answer: IFERROR is used to handle errors in Excel formulas. It returns a specified value if a formula results in an error, and the actual result if there's no error.

5. Question: How do you create a PivotTable, and what is its purpose?

Answer: To create a PivotTable, select your data, go to the "Insert" tab, and choose "PivotTable." It summarizes and analyzes data in a spreadsheet, allowing you to make sense of large datasets.

6. Question: Explain the difference between relative and absolute cell references.

Answer: Relative references change when you copy a formula to another cell, while absolute references stay fixed. Use a $ symbol to make a reference absolute (e.g., $A$1).

7. Question: What is the purpose of the INDEX and MATCH functions?

Answer: INDEX returns a value in a specified range based on the row and column number, while MATCH searches for a value in a range and returns its relative position. Combined, they provide a flexible way to look up data.

8. Question: How can you find and remove duplicate values in Excel?

Answer: Use the "Remove Duplicates" feature under the "Data" tab. Select the range containing duplicates, go to "Data" -> "Remove Duplicates," and choose the columns to check for duplicates.

9. Question: Explain the difference between a workbook and a worksheet.

Answer: A workbook is the entire Excel file, while a worksheet is a single sheet within that file. Workbooks can contain multiple worksheets.

10. Question: What is the purpose of the COUNTIF function?

Answer: COUNTIF counts the number of cells within a range that meet a specified condition. For example, =COUNTIF(A1:A10, ">50") counts the cells in A1 to A10 that are greater than 50.

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Microsoft Excel users write code all the time.

Even if they don't think of it this way.

Consider the following Excel formula:

=IF(ResellerSales[@SalesAmount] < 1000,
"Yes",
"No")

This knowledge can help you learn Python.
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Now consider the same thing in Python:

where(ResellerSales["SalesAmount"] < 1000,
"Yes",
"No")

Looks very similar, no?

Here's the dirty little secret in real-world DIY data science.

Excel code is very similar to Python.

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So many of the things that you do in Microsoft Excel translate to what you do in Python:

Filtering data tables
Combining data tables
Pivoting data tables
Visualizing data tables

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Excel Cheatsheet

Here are some Excel shortcuts that are commonly used by data analysts:

1. Ctrl + C: Copy
2. Ctrl + V: Paste
3. Ctrl + X: Cut
4. Ctrl + Z: Undo
5. Ctrl + Y: Redo
6. Ctrl + S: Save
7. Ctrl + F: Find
8. Ctrl + H: Replace
9. Ctrl + Arrow Keys: Navigate to the edge of data
10. Ctrl + Shift + Arrow Keys: Select data range
11. Ctrl + Home: Go to cell A1
12. Ctrl + End: Go to last cell with data
13. Ctrl + Shift + L: Toggle filters
14. Alt + ; : Select visible cells only
15. F2: Edit active cell
16. Ctrl + Shift + Enter: Enter an array formula
17. Ctrl + D: Fill down
18. Ctrl + R: Fill right
19. Ctrl + 1: Format cells dialog box
20. Ctrl + Shift + 1, 2, 3, etc.: Apply different number formats

These shortcuts can significantly increase your efficiency when working with Excel as a data analyst.

One of the very important tool that a data analyst must be aware of is Excel