How much Statistics must I know to become a Data Scientist?
This is one of the most common questions
Here are the must-know Statistics concepts every Data Scientist should know:
๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฏ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ถ๐น๐ถ๐๐
โ Bayes' Theorem & conditional probability
โ Permutations & combinations
โ Card & die roll problem-solving
๐๐ฒ๐๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฝ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ & ๐ฑ๐ถ๐๐๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฏ๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐
โ Mean, median, mode
โ Standard deviation and variance
โ Bernoulli's, Binomial, Normal, Uniform, Exponential distributions
๐๐ป๐ณ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ถ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐
โ A/B experimentation
โ T-test, Z-test, Chi-squared tests
โ Type 1 & 2 errors
โ Sampling techniques & biases
โ Confidence intervals & p-values
โ Central Limit Theorem
โ Causal inference techniques
๐ ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ต๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ ๐น๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด
โ Logistic & Linear regression
โ Decision trees & random forests
โ Clustering models
โ Feature engineering
โ Feature selection methods
โ Model testing & validation
โ Time series analysis
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This is one of the most common questions
Here are the must-know Statistics concepts every Data Scientist should know:
๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฏ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ถ๐น๐ถ๐๐
โ Bayes' Theorem & conditional probability
โ Permutations & combinations
โ Card & die roll problem-solving
๐๐ฒ๐๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฝ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ & ๐ฑ๐ถ๐๐๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฏ๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐
โ Mean, median, mode
โ Standard deviation and variance
โ Bernoulli's, Binomial, Normal, Uniform, Exponential distributions
๐๐ป๐ณ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ถ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐
โ A/B experimentation
โ T-test, Z-test, Chi-squared tests
โ Type 1 & 2 errors
โ Sampling techniques & biases
โ Confidence intervals & p-values
โ Central Limit Theorem
โ Causal inference techniques
๐ ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ต๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ ๐น๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด
โ Logistic & Linear regression
โ Decision trees & random forests
โ Clustering models
โ Feature engineering
โ Feature selection methods
โ Model testing & validation
โ Time series analysis
I have curated the best interview resources to crack Data Science Interviews
๐๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va4QUHa6rsQjhITHK82y
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๐7
Data Science Interview Questions
Question 1 : How would you approach building a recommendation system for personalized content on Facebook? Consider factors like scalability and user privacy.
- Answer: Building a recommendation system for personalized content on Facebook would involve collaborative filtering or content-based methods. Scalability can be achieved using distributed computing, and user privacy can be preserved through techniques like federated learning.
Question 2 : Describe a situation where you had to navigate conflicting opinions within your team. How did you facilitate resolution and maintain team cohesion?
- Answer: In navigating conflicting opinions within a team, I facilitated resolution through open communication, active listening, and finding common ground. Prioritizing team cohesion was key to achieving consensus.
Question 3 : How would you enhance the security of user data on Facebook, considering the evolving landscape of cybersecurity threats?
- Answer: Enhancing the security of user data on Facebook involves implementing robust encryption mechanisms, access controls, and regular security audits. Ensuring compliance with privacy regulations and proactive threat monitoring are essential.
Question 4 : Design a real-time notification system for Facebook, ensuring timely delivery of notifications to users across various platforms.
- Answer: Designing a real-time notification system for Facebook requires technologies like WebSocket for real-time communication and push notifications. Ensuring scalability and reliability through distributed systems is crucial for timely delivery.
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Question 1 : How would you approach building a recommendation system for personalized content on Facebook? Consider factors like scalability and user privacy.
- Answer: Building a recommendation system for personalized content on Facebook would involve collaborative filtering or content-based methods. Scalability can be achieved using distributed computing, and user privacy can be preserved through techniques like federated learning.
Question 2 : Describe a situation where you had to navigate conflicting opinions within your team. How did you facilitate resolution and maintain team cohesion?
- Answer: In navigating conflicting opinions within a team, I facilitated resolution through open communication, active listening, and finding common ground. Prioritizing team cohesion was key to achieving consensus.
Question 3 : How would you enhance the security of user data on Facebook, considering the evolving landscape of cybersecurity threats?
- Answer: Enhancing the security of user data on Facebook involves implementing robust encryption mechanisms, access controls, and regular security audits. Ensuring compliance with privacy regulations and proactive threat monitoring are essential.
Question 4 : Design a real-time notification system for Facebook, ensuring timely delivery of notifications to users across various platforms.
- Answer: Designing a real-time notification system for Facebook requires technologies like WebSocket for real-time communication and push notifications. Ensuring scalability and reliability through distributed systems is crucial for timely delivery.
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๐4
Key Concepts for Data Science Interviews
1. Data Cleaning and Preprocessing: Master techniques for cleaning, transforming, and preparing data for analysis, including handling missing data, outlier detection, data normalization, and feature engineering.
2. Statistics and Probability: Have a solid understanding of descriptive and inferential statistics, including distributions, hypothesis testing, p-values, confidence intervals, and Bayesian probability.
3. Linear Algebra and Calculus: Understand the mathematical foundations of data science, including matrix operations, eigenvalues, derivatives, and gradients, which are essential for algorithms like PCA and gradient descent.
4. Machine Learning Algorithms: Know the fundamentals of machine learning, including supervised and unsupervised learning. Be familiar with key algorithms like linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, SVMs, and k-means clustering.
5. Model Evaluation and Validation: Learn how to evaluate model performance using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, ROC-AUC, and confusion matrices. Understand techniques like cross-validation and overfitting prevention.
6. Feature Engineering: Develop the ability to create meaningful features from raw data that improve model performance. This includes encoding categorical variables, scaling features, and creating interaction terms.
7. Deep Learning: Understand the basics of neural networks and deep learning. Familiarize yourself with architectures like CNNs, RNNs, and frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch.
8. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Learn key NLP techniques such as tokenization, stemming, lemmatization, and sentiment analysis. Understand the use of models like BERT, Word2Vec, and LSTM for text data.
9. Big Data Technologies: Gain knowledge of big data frameworks and tools like Hadoop, Spark, and NoSQL databases that are used to process large datasets efficiently.
10. Data Visualization and Storytelling: Develop the ability to create compelling visualizations using tools like Matplotlib, Seaborn, or Tableau. Practice conveying your data findings clearly to both technical and non-technical audiences through visual storytelling.
11. Python and R: Be proficient in Python and R for data manipulation, analysis, and model building. Familiarity with libraries like Pandas, NumPy, Scikit-learn, and tidyverse is essential.
12. Domain Knowledge: Develop a deep understanding of the specific industry or domain you're working in, as this context helps you make more informed decisions during the data analysis and modeling process.
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1. Data Cleaning and Preprocessing: Master techniques for cleaning, transforming, and preparing data for analysis, including handling missing data, outlier detection, data normalization, and feature engineering.
2. Statistics and Probability: Have a solid understanding of descriptive and inferential statistics, including distributions, hypothesis testing, p-values, confidence intervals, and Bayesian probability.
3. Linear Algebra and Calculus: Understand the mathematical foundations of data science, including matrix operations, eigenvalues, derivatives, and gradients, which are essential for algorithms like PCA and gradient descent.
4. Machine Learning Algorithms: Know the fundamentals of machine learning, including supervised and unsupervised learning. Be familiar with key algorithms like linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, SVMs, and k-means clustering.
5. Model Evaluation and Validation: Learn how to evaluate model performance using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, ROC-AUC, and confusion matrices. Understand techniques like cross-validation and overfitting prevention.
6. Feature Engineering: Develop the ability to create meaningful features from raw data that improve model performance. This includes encoding categorical variables, scaling features, and creating interaction terms.
7. Deep Learning: Understand the basics of neural networks and deep learning. Familiarize yourself with architectures like CNNs, RNNs, and frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch.
8. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Learn key NLP techniques such as tokenization, stemming, lemmatization, and sentiment analysis. Understand the use of models like BERT, Word2Vec, and LSTM for text data.
9. Big Data Technologies: Gain knowledge of big data frameworks and tools like Hadoop, Spark, and NoSQL databases that are used to process large datasets efficiently.
10. Data Visualization and Storytelling: Develop the ability to create compelling visualizations using tools like Matplotlib, Seaborn, or Tableau. Practice conveying your data findings clearly to both technical and non-technical audiences through visual storytelling.
11. Python and R: Be proficient in Python and R for data manipulation, analysis, and model building. Familiarity with libraries like Pandas, NumPy, Scikit-learn, and tidyverse is essential.
12. Domain Knowledge: Develop a deep understanding of the specific industry or domain you're working in, as this context helps you make more informed decisions during the data analysis and modeling process.
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A-Z of essential data science concepts
A: Algorithm - A set of rules or instructions for solving a problem or completing a task.
B: Big Data - Large and complex datasets that traditional data processing applications are unable to handle efficiently.
C: Classification - A type of machine learning task that involves assigning labels to instances based on their characteristics.
D: Data Mining - The process of discovering patterns and extracting useful information from large datasets.
E: Ensemble Learning - A machine learning technique that combines multiple models to improve predictive performance.
F: Feature Engineering - The process of selecting, extracting, and transforming features from raw data to improve model performance.
G: Gradient Descent - An optimization algorithm used to minimize the error of a model by adjusting its parameters iteratively.
H: Hypothesis Testing - A statistical method used to make inferences about a population based on sample data.
I: Imputation - The process of replacing missing values in a dataset with estimated values.
J: Joint Probability - The probability of the intersection of two or more events occurring simultaneously.
K: K-Means Clustering - A popular unsupervised machine learning algorithm used for clustering data points into groups.
L: Logistic Regression - A statistical model used for binary classification tasks.
M: Machine Learning - A subset of artificial intelligence that enables systems to learn from data and improve performance over time.
N: Neural Network - A computer system inspired by the structure of the human brain, used for various machine learning tasks.
O: Outlier Detection - The process of identifying observations in a dataset that significantly deviate from the rest of the data points.
P: Precision and Recall - Evaluation metrics used to assess the performance of classification models.
Q: Quantitative Analysis - The process of using mathematical and statistical methods to analyze and interpret data.
R: Regression Analysis - A statistical technique used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
S: Support Vector Machine - A supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks.
T: Time Series Analysis - The study of data collected over time to detect patterns, trends, and seasonal variations.
U: Unsupervised Learning - Machine learning techniques used to identify patterns and relationships in data without labeled outcomes.
V: Validation - The process of assessing the performance and generalization of a machine learning model using independent datasets.
W: Weka - A popular open-source software tool used for data mining and machine learning tasks.
X: XGBoost - An optimized implementation of gradient boosting that is widely used for classification and regression tasks.
Y: Yarn - A resource manager used in Apache Hadoop for managing resources across distributed clusters.
Z: Zero-Inflated Model - A statistical model used to analyze data with excess zeros, commonly found in count data.
Data Science Interview Resources
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A: Algorithm - A set of rules or instructions for solving a problem or completing a task.
B: Big Data - Large and complex datasets that traditional data processing applications are unable to handle efficiently.
C: Classification - A type of machine learning task that involves assigning labels to instances based on their characteristics.
D: Data Mining - The process of discovering patterns and extracting useful information from large datasets.
E: Ensemble Learning - A machine learning technique that combines multiple models to improve predictive performance.
F: Feature Engineering - The process of selecting, extracting, and transforming features from raw data to improve model performance.
G: Gradient Descent - An optimization algorithm used to minimize the error of a model by adjusting its parameters iteratively.
H: Hypothesis Testing - A statistical method used to make inferences about a population based on sample data.
I: Imputation - The process of replacing missing values in a dataset with estimated values.
J: Joint Probability - The probability of the intersection of two or more events occurring simultaneously.
K: K-Means Clustering - A popular unsupervised machine learning algorithm used for clustering data points into groups.
L: Logistic Regression - A statistical model used for binary classification tasks.
M: Machine Learning - A subset of artificial intelligence that enables systems to learn from data and improve performance over time.
N: Neural Network - A computer system inspired by the structure of the human brain, used for various machine learning tasks.
O: Outlier Detection - The process of identifying observations in a dataset that significantly deviate from the rest of the data points.
P: Precision and Recall - Evaluation metrics used to assess the performance of classification models.
Q: Quantitative Analysis - The process of using mathematical and statistical methods to analyze and interpret data.
R: Regression Analysis - A statistical technique used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
S: Support Vector Machine - A supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks.
T: Time Series Analysis - The study of data collected over time to detect patterns, trends, and seasonal variations.
U: Unsupervised Learning - Machine learning techniques used to identify patterns and relationships in data without labeled outcomes.
V: Validation - The process of assessing the performance and generalization of a machine learning model using independent datasets.
W: Weka - A popular open-source software tool used for data mining and machine learning tasks.
X: XGBoost - An optimized implementation of gradient boosting that is widely used for classification and regression tasks.
Y: Yarn - A resource manager used in Apache Hadoop for managing resources across distributed clusters.
Z: Zero-Inflated Model - A statistical model used to analyze data with excess zeros, commonly found in count data.
Data Science Interview Resources
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What ๐ ๐ ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ฝ๐๐ are commonly asked in ๐ฑ๐ฎ๐๐ฎ ๐๐ฐ๐ถ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐ถ๐ป๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐๐?
These are fair game in interviews at ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐๐๐ฝ๐, ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐๐๐น๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด & ๐น๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ด๐ฒ ๐๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ต.
๐๐๐ป๐ฑ๐ฎ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ฎ๐น๐
- Supervised vs. Unsupervised Learning
- Overfitting and Underfitting
- Cross-validation
- Bias-Variance Tradeoff
- Accuracy vs Interpretability
- Accuracy vs Latency
๐ ๐ ๐๐น๐ด๐ผ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ต๐บ๐
- Logistic Regression
- Decision Trees
- Random Forest
- Support Vector Machines
- K-Nearest Neighbors
- Naive Bayes
- Linear Regression
- Ridge and Lasso Regression
- K-Means Clustering
- Hierarchical Clustering
- PCA
๐ ๐ผ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฆ๐๐ฒ๐ฝ๐
- EDA
- Data Cleaning (e.g. missing value imputation)
- Data Preprocessing (e.g. scaling)
- Feature Engineering (e.g. aggregation)
- Feature Selection (e.g. variable importance)
- Model Training (e.g. gradient descent)
- Model Evaluation (e.g. AUC vs Accuracy)
- Model Productionization
๐๐๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐บ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ง๐๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด
- Grid Search
- Random Search
- Bayesian Optimization
๐ ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐
- [Capital One] Detect credit card fraudsters
- [Amazon] Forecast monthly sales
- [Airbnb] Estimate lifetime value of a guest
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These are fair game in interviews at ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐๐๐ฝ๐, ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐๐๐น๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด & ๐น๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ด๐ฒ ๐๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ต.
๐๐๐ป๐ฑ๐ฎ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ฎ๐น๐
- Supervised vs. Unsupervised Learning
- Overfitting and Underfitting
- Cross-validation
- Bias-Variance Tradeoff
- Accuracy vs Interpretability
- Accuracy vs Latency
๐ ๐ ๐๐น๐ด๐ผ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ต๐บ๐
- Logistic Regression
- Decision Trees
- Random Forest
- Support Vector Machines
- K-Nearest Neighbors
- Naive Bayes
- Linear Regression
- Ridge and Lasso Regression
- K-Means Clustering
- Hierarchical Clustering
- PCA
๐ ๐ผ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฆ๐๐ฒ๐ฝ๐
- EDA
- Data Cleaning (e.g. missing value imputation)
- Data Preprocessing (e.g. scaling)
- Feature Engineering (e.g. aggregation)
- Feature Selection (e.g. variable importance)
- Model Training (e.g. gradient descent)
- Model Evaluation (e.g. AUC vs Accuracy)
- Model Productionization
๐๐๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐บ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ง๐๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด
- Grid Search
- Random Search
- Bayesian Optimization
๐ ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐
- [Capital One] Detect credit card fraudsters
- [Amazon] Forecast monthly sales
- [Airbnb] Estimate lifetime value of a guest
I have curated the best interview resources to crack Data Science Interviews
๐๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va8v3eo1NCrQfGMseL2D
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๐2
Key Concepts for Machine Learning Interviews
1. Supervised Learning: Understand the basics of supervised learning, where models are trained on labeled data. Key algorithms include Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines (SVMs), k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), Decision Trees, and Random Forests.
2. Unsupervised Learning: Learn unsupervised learning techniques that work with unlabeled data. Familiarize yourself with algorithms like k-Means Clustering, Hierarchical Clustering, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and t-SNE.
3. Model Evaluation Metrics: Know how to evaluate models using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, ROC-AUC, mean squared error (MSE), and R-squared. Understand when to use each metric based on the problem at hand.
4. Overfitting and Underfitting: Grasp the concepts of overfitting and underfitting, and know how to address them through techniques like cross-validation, regularization (L1, L2), and pruning in decision trees.
5. Feature Engineering: Master the art of creating new features from raw data to improve model performance. Techniques include one-hot encoding, feature scaling, polynomial features, and feature selection methods like Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE).
6. Hyperparameter Tuning: Learn how to optimize model performance by tuning hyperparameters using techniques like Grid Search, Random Search, and Bayesian Optimization.
7. Ensemble Methods: Understand ensemble learning techniques that combine multiple models to improve accuracy. Key methods include Bagging (e.g., Random Forests), Boosting (e.g., AdaBoost, XGBoost, Gradient Boosting), and Stacking.
8. Neural Networks and Deep Learning: Get familiar with the basics of neural networks, including activation functions, backpropagation, and gradient descent. Learn about deep learning architectures like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for image data and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for sequential data.
9. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Understand key NLP techniques such as tokenization, stemming, and lemmatization, as well as advanced topics like word embeddings (e.g., Word2Vec, GloVe), transformers (e.g., BERT, GPT), and sentiment analysis.
10. Dimensionality Reduction: Learn how to reduce the number of features in a dataset while preserving as much information as possible. Techniques include PCA, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), and Feature Importance methods.
11. Reinforcement Learning: Gain a basic understanding of reinforcement learning, where agents learn to make decisions by receiving rewards or penalties. Familiarize yourself with concepts like Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), Q-learning, and policy gradients.
12. Big Data and Scalable Machine Learning: Learn how to handle large datasets and scale machine learning algorithms using tools like Apache Spark, Hadoop, and distributed frameworks for training models on big data.
13. Model Deployment and Monitoring: Understand how to deploy machine learning models into production environments and monitor their performance over time. Familiarize yourself with tools and platforms like TensorFlow Serving, AWS SageMaker, Docker, and Flask for model deployment.
14. Ethics in Machine Learning: Be aware of the ethical implications of machine learning, including issues related to bias, fairness, transparency, and accountability. Understand the importance of creating models that are not only accurate but also ethically sound.
15. Bayesian Inference: Learn about Bayesian methods in machine learning, which involve updating the probability of a hypothesis as more evidence becomes available. Key concepts include Bayesโ theorem, prior and posterior distributions, and Bayesian networks.
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1. Supervised Learning: Understand the basics of supervised learning, where models are trained on labeled data. Key algorithms include Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines (SVMs), k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), Decision Trees, and Random Forests.
2. Unsupervised Learning: Learn unsupervised learning techniques that work with unlabeled data. Familiarize yourself with algorithms like k-Means Clustering, Hierarchical Clustering, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and t-SNE.
3. Model Evaluation Metrics: Know how to evaluate models using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, ROC-AUC, mean squared error (MSE), and R-squared. Understand when to use each metric based on the problem at hand.
4. Overfitting and Underfitting: Grasp the concepts of overfitting and underfitting, and know how to address them through techniques like cross-validation, regularization (L1, L2), and pruning in decision trees.
5. Feature Engineering: Master the art of creating new features from raw data to improve model performance. Techniques include one-hot encoding, feature scaling, polynomial features, and feature selection methods like Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE).
6. Hyperparameter Tuning: Learn how to optimize model performance by tuning hyperparameters using techniques like Grid Search, Random Search, and Bayesian Optimization.
7. Ensemble Methods: Understand ensemble learning techniques that combine multiple models to improve accuracy. Key methods include Bagging (e.g., Random Forests), Boosting (e.g., AdaBoost, XGBoost, Gradient Boosting), and Stacking.
8. Neural Networks and Deep Learning: Get familiar with the basics of neural networks, including activation functions, backpropagation, and gradient descent. Learn about deep learning architectures like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for image data and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for sequential data.
9. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Understand key NLP techniques such as tokenization, stemming, and lemmatization, as well as advanced topics like word embeddings (e.g., Word2Vec, GloVe), transformers (e.g., BERT, GPT), and sentiment analysis.
10. Dimensionality Reduction: Learn how to reduce the number of features in a dataset while preserving as much information as possible. Techniques include PCA, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), and Feature Importance methods.
11. Reinforcement Learning: Gain a basic understanding of reinforcement learning, where agents learn to make decisions by receiving rewards or penalties. Familiarize yourself with concepts like Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), Q-learning, and policy gradients.
12. Big Data and Scalable Machine Learning: Learn how to handle large datasets and scale machine learning algorithms using tools like Apache Spark, Hadoop, and distributed frameworks for training models on big data.
13. Model Deployment and Monitoring: Understand how to deploy machine learning models into production environments and monitor their performance over time. Familiarize yourself with tools and platforms like TensorFlow Serving, AWS SageMaker, Docker, and Flask for model deployment.
14. Ethics in Machine Learning: Be aware of the ethical implications of machine learning, including issues related to bias, fairness, transparency, and accountability. Understand the importance of creating models that are not only accurate but also ethically sound.
15. Bayesian Inference: Learn about Bayesian methods in machine learning, which involve updating the probability of a hypothesis as more evidence becomes available. Key concepts include Bayesโ theorem, prior and posterior distributions, and Bayesian networks.
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๐5๐ฅฐ4
Can AI replace data scientist?
AI can automate many tasks that data scientists perform, but it is unlikely to completely replace them in the foreseeable future. Rather than replacing data scientists, AI will enhance their capabilities by automating repetitive tasks, allowing them to focus on higher-level strategy, decision-making, and ethical considerations.
What AI Can Automate in Data Science:
Data Cleaning & Preparation โ AI can automate data wrangling tasks like handling missing values and detecting anomalies.
Feature Engineering โ AI-driven tools can generate and select features automatically.
Model Selection & Hyperparameter Tuning โ Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) can choose models, tune hyperparameters, and even optimize architectures.
Basic Data Visualization & Reporting โ AI tools can generate dashboards and insights automatically.
What AI Cannot Replace:
Problem-Solving & Business Understanding โ AI cannot define business problems, formulate hypotheses, or align analysis with strategic goals.
Interpretability & Decision-Making โ AI-generated models can be complex, but a human expert is needed to interpret results and make decisions.
Innovation โ AI lacks the ability identify new opportunities, or design novel experiments.
Ethical Considerations & Bias Handling โ AI can introduce biases, and data scientists are needed to ensure fairness and ethical use.
AI can automate many tasks that data scientists perform, but it is unlikely to completely replace them in the foreseeable future. Rather than replacing data scientists, AI will enhance their capabilities by automating repetitive tasks, allowing them to focus on higher-level strategy, decision-making, and ethical considerations.
What AI Can Automate in Data Science:
Data Cleaning & Preparation โ AI can automate data wrangling tasks like handling missing values and detecting anomalies.
Feature Engineering โ AI-driven tools can generate and select features automatically.
Model Selection & Hyperparameter Tuning โ Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) can choose models, tune hyperparameters, and even optimize architectures.
Basic Data Visualization & Reporting โ AI tools can generate dashboards and insights automatically.
What AI Cannot Replace:
Problem-Solving & Business Understanding โ AI cannot define business problems, formulate hypotheses, or align analysis with strategic goals.
Interpretability & Decision-Making โ AI-generated models can be complex, but a human expert is needed to interpret results and make decisions.
Innovation โ AI lacks the ability identify new opportunities, or design novel experiments.
Ethical Considerations & Bias Handling โ AI can introduce biases, and data scientists are needed to ensure fairness and ethical use.
๐8โค2
If you want to get a job as a machine learning engineer, donโt start by diving into the hottest libraries like PyTorch,TensorFlow, Langchain, etc.
Yes, you might hear a lot about them or some other trending technology of the year...but guess what!
Technologies evolve rapidly, especially in the age of AI, but core concepts are always seen as more valuable than expertise in any particular tool. Stop trying to perform a brain surgery without knowing anything about human anatomy.
Instead, here are basic skills that will get you further than mastering any framework:
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐๐ฌ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ญ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐๐ฌ - My first exposure to probability and statistics was in college, and it felt abstract at the time, but these concepts are the backbone of ML.
You can start here: Khan Academy Statistics and Probability - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability
๐๐ข๐ง๐๐๐ซ ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฌ - Concepts like matrices, vectors, eigenvalues, and derivatives are fundamental to understanding how ml algorithms work. These are used in everything from simple regression to deep learning.
๐๐ซ๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐ - Should you learn Python, Rust, R, Julia, JavaScript, etc.? The best advice is to pick the language that is most frequently used for the type of work you want to do. I started with Python due to its simplicity and extensive library support, and it remains my go-to language for machine learning tasks.
You can start here: Automate the Boring Stuff with Python - https://automatetheboringstuff.com/
๐๐ฅ๐ ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐ฆ ๐๐ง๐๐๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐ - Understand the fundamental algorithms before jumping to deep learning. This includes linear regression, decision trees, SVMs, and clustering algorithms.
๐๐๐ฉ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฒ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Knowing how to take a model from development to production is invaluable. This includes understanding APIs, model optimization, and monitoring. Tools like Docker and Flask are often used in this process.
๐๐ฅ๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐:
Familiarity with cloud platforms (AWS, Google Cloud, Azure) and big data tools (Spark) is increasingly important as datasets grow larger. These skills help you manage and process large-scale data efficiently.
You can start here: Google Cloud Machine Learning - https://cloud.google.com/learn/training/machinelearning-ai
I love frameworks and libraries, and they can make anyone's job easier.
But the more solid your foundation, the easier it will be to pick up any new technologies and actually validate whether they solve your problems.
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624
All the best ๐๐
Yes, you might hear a lot about them or some other trending technology of the year...but guess what!
Technologies evolve rapidly, especially in the age of AI, but core concepts are always seen as more valuable than expertise in any particular tool. Stop trying to perform a brain surgery without knowing anything about human anatomy.
Instead, here are basic skills that will get you further than mastering any framework:
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐๐ฌ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ญ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐๐ฌ - My first exposure to probability and statistics was in college, and it felt abstract at the time, but these concepts are the backbone of ML.
You can start here: Khan Academy Statistics and Probability - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability
๐๐ข๐ง๐๐๐ซ ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฌ - Concepts like matrices, vectors, eigenvalues, and derivatives are fundamental to understanding how ml algorithms work. These are used in everything from simple regression to deep learning.
๐๐ซ๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐ - Should you learn Python, Rust, R, Julia, JavaScript, etc.? The best advice is to pick the language that is most frequently used for the type of work you want to do. I started with Python due to its simplicity and extensive library support, and it remains my go-to language for machine learning tasks.
You can start here: Automate the Boring Stuff with Python - https://automatetheboringstuff.com/
๐๐ฅ๐ ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐ฆ ๐๐ง๐๐๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐ - Understand the fundamental algorithms before jumping to deep learning. This includes linear regression, decision trees, SVMs, and clustering algorithms.
๐๐๐ฉ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฒ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Knowing how to take a model from development to production is invaluable. This includes understanding APIs, model optimization, and monitoring. Tools like Docker and Flask are often used in this process.
๐๐ฅ๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐:
Familiarity with cloud platforms (AWS, Google Cloud, Azure) and big data tools (Spark) is increasingly important as datasets grow larger. These skills help you manage and process large-scale data efficiently.
You can start here: Google Cloud Machine Learning - https://cloud.google.com/learn/training/machinelearning-ai
I love frameworks and libraries, and they can make anyone's job easier.
But the more solid your foundation, the easier it will be to pick up any new technologies and actually validate whether they solve your problems.
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624
All the best ๐๐
๐5
Learn Data Science in 2024
๐ญ. ๐๐ฝ๐ฝ๐น๐ ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ผ'๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ ๐๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ป ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ป๐ผ๐๐ด๐ต ๐
Pareto's Law states that "that 80% of consequences come from 20% of the causes".
This law should serve as a guiding framework for the volume of content you need to know to be proficient in data science.
Often rookies make the mistake of overspending their time learning algorithms that are rarely applied in production. Learning about advanced algorithms such as XLNet, Bayesian SVD++, and BiLSTMs, are cool to learn.
But, in reality, you will rarely apply such algorithms in production (unless your job demands research and application of state-of-the-art algos).
For most ML applications in production - especially in the MVP phase, simple algos like logistic regression, K-Means, random forest, and XGBoost provide the biggest bang for the buck because of their simplicity in training, interpretation and productionization.
So, invest more time learning topics that provide immediate value now, not a year later.
๐ฎ. ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ฎ ๐ ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ผ๐ฟ โก
Thereโs a Japanese proverb that says โBetter than a thousand days of diligent study is one day with a great teacher.โ This proverb directly applies to learning data science quickly.
Mentors can teach you about how to build a model in production and how to manage stakeholders - stuff that you donโt often read about in courses and books.
So, find a mentor who can teach you practical knowledge in data science.
๐ฏ. ๐๐ฒ๐น๐ถ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฒ โ๏ธ
If you are serious about growing your excelling in data science, you have to put in the time to nurture your knowledge. This means that you need to spend less time watching mindless videos on TikTok and spend more time reading books and watching video lectures.
Join @datasciencefree for more
ENJOY LEARNING ๐๐
๐ญ. ๐๐ฝ๐ฝ๐น๐ ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ผ'๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ ๐๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ป ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ป๐ผ๐๐ด๐ต ๐
Pareto's Law states that "that 80% of consequences come from 20% of the causes".
This law should serve as a guiding framework for the volume of content you need to know to be proficient in data science.
Often rookies make the mistake of overspending their time learning algorithms that are rarely applied in production. Learning about advanced algorithms such as XLNet, Bayesian SVD++, and BiLSTMs, are cool to learn.
But, in reality, you will rarely apply such algorithms in production (unless your job demands research and application of state-of-the-art algos).
For most ML applications in production - especially in the MVP phase, simple algos like logistic regression, K-Means, random forest, and XGBoost provide the biggest bang for the buck because of their simplicity in training, interpretation and productionization.
So, invest more time learning topics that provide immediate value now, not a year later.
๐ฎ. ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ฎ ๐ ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ผ๐ฟ โก
Thereโs a Japanese proverb that says โBetter than a thousand days of diligent study is one day with a great teacher.โ This proverb directly applies to learning data science quickly.
Mentors can teach you about how to build a model in production and how to manage stakeholders - stuff that you donโt often read about in courses and books.
So, find a mentor who can teach you practical knowledge in data science.
๐ฏ. ๐๐ฒ๐น๐ถ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฒ โ๏ธ
If you are serious about growing your excelling in data science, you have to put in the time to nurture your knowledge. This means that you need to spend less time watching mindless videos on TikTok and spend more time reading books and watching video lectures.
Join @datasciencefree for more
ENJOY LEARNING ๐๐
๐7โค4
Many people pay too much to learn Data Science, but my mission is to break down barriers. I have shared complete learning series to learn Data Science algorithms from scratch.
Here are the links to the Data Science series ๐๐
Complete Data Science Algorithms: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1708
Part-1: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1710
Part-2: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1716
Part-3: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1718
Part-4: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1719
Part-5: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1723
Part-6: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1724
Part-7: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1725
Part-8: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1726
Part-9: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1729
Part-10: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1730
Part-11: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1733
Part-12:
https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1734
Part-13: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1739
Part-14: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1742
Part-15: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1748
Part-16: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1750
Part-17: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1753
Part-18: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1754
Part-19: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1759
Part-20: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1765
Part-21: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1768
I saw a lot of big influencers copy pasting my content after removing the credits. It's absolutely fine for me as more people are getting free education because of my content.
But I will really appreciate if you share credits for the time and efforts I put in to create such valuable content. I hope you can understand.
Thanks to all who support our channel and share the content with proper credits. You guys are really amazing.
Hope it helps :)
Here are the links to the Data Science series ๐๐
Complete Data Science Algorithms: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1708
Part-1: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1710
Part-2: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1716
Part-3: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1718
Part-4: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1719
Part-5: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1723
Part-6: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1724
Part-7: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1725
Part-8: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1726
Part-9: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1729
Part-10: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1730
Part-11: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1733
Part-12:
https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1734
Part-13: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1739
Part-14: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1742
Part-15: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1748
Part-16: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1750
Part-17: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1753
Part-18: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1754
Part-19: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1759
Part-20: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1765
Part-21: https://t.iss.one/datasciencefun/1768
I saw a lot of big influencers copy pasting my content after removing the credits. It's absolutely fine for me as more people are getting free education because of my content.
But I will really appreciate if you share credits for the time and efforts I put in to create such valuable content. I hope you can understand.
Thanks to all who support our channel and share the content with proper credits. You guys are really amazing.
Hope it helps :)
๐15๐ฅ2โค1๐1