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Resume key words for data scientist role explained in points:

1. Data Analysis:
   - Proficient in extracting, cleaning, and analyzing data to derive insights.
   - Skilled in using statistical methods and machine learning algorithms for data analysis.
   - Experience with tools such as Python, R, or SQL for data manipulation and analysis.

2. Machine Learning:
   - Strong understanding of machine learning techniques such as regression, classification, clustering, and neural networks.
- Experience in model development, evaluation, and deployment.
   - Familiarity with libraries like TensorFlow, scikit-learn, or PyTorch for implementing machine learning models.

3. Data Visualization:
   - Ability to present complex data in a clear and understandable manner through visualizations.
   - Proficiency in tools like Matplotlib, Seaborn, or Tableau for creating insightful graphs and charts.
   - Understanding of best practices in data visualization for effective communication of findings.

4. Big Data:
   - Experience working with large datasets using technologies like Hadoop, Spark, or Apache Flink.
   - Knowledge of distributed computing principles and tools for processing and analyzing big data.
   - Ability to optimize algorithms and processes for scalability and performance.

5. Problem-Solving:
   - Strong analytical and problem-solving skills to tackle complex data-related challenges.
   - Ability to formulate hypotheses, design experiments, and iterate on solutions.
   - Aptitude for identifying opportunities for leveraging data to drive business outcomes and decision-making.


Resume key words for a data analyst role

1. SQL (Structured Query Language):
   - SQL is a programming language used for managing and querying relational databases.
   - Data analysts often use SQL to extract, manipulate, and analyze data stored in databases, making it a fundamental skill for the role.

2. Python/R:
   - Python and R are popular programming languages used for data analysis and statistical computing.
   - Proficiency in Python or R allows data analysts to perform various tasks such as data cleaning, modeling, visualization, and machine learning.

3. Data Visualization:
   - Data visualization involves presenting data in graphical or visual formats to communicate insights effectively.
   - Data analysts use tools like Tableau, Power BI, or Python libraries like Matplotlib and Seaborn to create visualizations that help stakeholders understand complex data patterns and trends.

4. Statistical Analysis:
   - Statistical analysis involves applying statistical methods to analyze and interpret data.
   - Data analysts use statistical techniques to uncover relationships, trends, and patterns in data, providing valuable insights for decision-making.

5. Data-driven Decision Making:
   - Data-driven decision making is the process of making decisions based on data analysis and evidence rather than intuition or gut feelings.
   - Data analysts play a crucial role in helping organizations make informed decisions by analyzing data and providing actionable insights that drive business strategies and operations.

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ML Interview Question ⬇️

➡️ Logistic Regression

The interviewer asked to explain Logistic Regression along with its:

🔷 Cost function
🔷 Assumptions
🔷 Evaluation metrics

Here is the step by step approach to answer:

☑️ Cost function: Point out how logistic regression uses log loss for classification.

☑️ Assumptions: Explain LR assumes features are independent and they have a linear link.

☑️ Evaluation metrics: Discuss accuracy, precision, and F1-score to measure performance.

Knowing every concept is important but more than that, it is important to convey our knowledge💯

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🚀 Top 10 Tools Data Scientists Love! 🧠

In the ever-evolving world of data science, staying updated with the right tools is crucial to solving complex problems and deriving meaningful insights.

🔍 Here’s a quick breakdown of the most popular tools:

1. Python 🐍: The go-to language for data science, favored for its versatility and powerful libraries.
2. SQL 🛠️: Essential for querying databases and manipulating data.
3. Jupyter Notebooks 📓: An interactive environment that makes data analysis and visualization a breeze.
4. TensorFlow/PyTorch 🤖: Leading frameworks for deep learning and neural networks.
5. Tableau 📊: A user-friendly tool for creating stunning visualizations and dashboards.
6. Git & GitHub 💻: Version control systems that every data scientist should master.
7. Hadoop & Spark 🔥: Big data frameworks that help process massive datasets efficiently.
8. Scikit-learn 🧬: A powerful library for machine learning in Python.
9. R 📈: A statistical programming language that is still a favorite among many analysts.
10. Docker 🐋: A must-have for containerization and deploying applications.

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What 𝗠𝗟 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁𝘀 are commonly asked in 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝘀?

These are fair game in interviews at 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗽𝘀, 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 & 𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗲𝗰𝗵.

𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘀
- Supervised vs. Unsupervised Learning
- Overfitting and Underfitting
- Cross-validation
- Bias-Variance Tradeoff
- Accuracy vs Interpretability
- Accuracy vs Latency

𝗠𝗟 𝗔𝗹𝗴𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗺𝘀
- Logistic Regression
- Decision Trees
- Random Forest
- Support Vector Machines
- K-Nearest Neighbors
- Naive Bayes
- Linear Regression
- Ridge and Lasso Regression
- K-Means Clustering
- Hierarchical Clustering
- PCA

𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗦𝘁𝗲𝗽𝘀
- EDA
- Data Cleaning (e.g. missing value imputation)
- Data Preprocessing (e.g. scaling)
- Feature Engineering (e.g. aggregation)
- Feature Selection (e.g. variable importance)
- Model Training (e.g. gradient descent)
- Model Evaluation (e.g. AUC vs Accuracy)
- Model Productionization

𝗛𝘆𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴
- Grid Search
- Random Search
- Bayesian Optimization

𝗠𝗟 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝗲𝘀
- [Capital One] Detect credit card fraudsters
- [Amazon] Forecast monthly sales
- [Airbnb] Estimate lifetime value of a guest

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Lol 😂

Three different learning styles in machine learning algorithms:

1. Supervised Learning

Input data is called training data and has a known label or result such as spam/not-spam or a stock price at a time.

A model is prepared through a training process in which it is required to make predictions and is corrected when those predictions are wrong. The training process continues until the model achieves a desired level of accuracy on the training data.

Example problems are classification and regression.

Example algorithms include: Logistic Regression and the Back Propagation Neural Network.

2. Unsupervised Learning

Input data is not labeled and does not have a known result.

A model is prepared by deducing structures present in the input data. This may be to extract general rules. It may be through a mathematical process to systematically reduce redundancy, or it may be to organize data by similarity.

Example problems are clustering, dimensionality reduction and association rule learning.

Example algorithms include: the Apriori algorithm and K-Means.

3. Semi-Supervised Learning

Input data is a mixture of labeled and unlabelled examples.

There is a desired prediction problem but the model must learn the structures to organize the data as well as make predictions.

Example problems are classification and regression.

Example algorithms are extensions to other flexible methods that make assumptions about how to model the unlabeled data.

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How to start with Python

Perfect 😂

Important Topics to become a data scientist [Advanced Level]
👇👇

1. Mathematics

Linear Algebra
Analytic Geometry
Matrix
Vector Calculus
Optimization
Regression
Dimensionality Reduction
Density Estimation
Classification

2. Probability

Introduction to Probability
1D Random Variable
The function of One Random Variable
Joint Probability Distribution
Discrete Distribution
Normal Distribution

3. Statistics

Introduction to Statistics
Data Description
Random Samples
Sampling Distribution
Parameter Estimation
Hypotheses Testing
Regression

4. Programming

Python:

Python Basics
List
Set
Tuples
Dictionary
Function
NumPy
Pandas
Matplotlib/Seaborn

R Programming:

R Basics
Vector
List
Data Frame
Matrix
Array
Function
dplyr
ggplot2
Tidyr
Shiny

DataBase:
SQL
MongoDB

Data Structures

Web scraping

Linux

Git

5. Machine Learning

How Model Works
Basic Data Exploration
First ML Model
Model Validation
Underfitting & Overfitting
Random Forest
Handling Missing Values
Handling Categorical Variables
Pipelines
Cross-Validation(R)
XGBoost(Python|R)
Data Leakage

6. Deep Learning

Artificial Neural Network
Convolutional Neural Network
Recurrent Neural Network
TensorFlow
Keras
PyTorch
A Single Neuron
Deep Neural Network
Stochastic Gradient Descent
Overfitting and Underfitting
Dropout Batch Normalization
Binary Classification

7. Feature Engineering

Baseline Model
Categorical Encodings
Feature Generation
Feature Selection

8. Natural Language Processing

Text Classification
Word Vectors

9. Data Visualization Tools

BI (Business Intelligence):
Tableau
Power BI
Qlik View
Qlik Sense

10. Deployment

Microsoft Azure
Heroku
Google Cloud Platform
Flask
Django

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Data Science Interview Questions

1: How would you preprocess and tokenize text data from tweets for sentiment analysis? Discuss potential challenges and solutions.

- Answer: Preprocessing and tokenizing text data for sentiment analysis involves tasks like lowercasing, removing stop words, and stemming or lemmatization. Handling challenges like handling emojis, slang, and noisy text is crucial. Tools like NLTK or spaCy can assist in these tasks.


2: Explain the collaborative filtering approach in building recommendation systems. How might Twitter use this to enhance user experience?

- Answer: Collaborative filtering recommends items based on user preferences and similarities. Techniques include user-based or item-based collaborative filtering and matrix factorization. Twitter could leverage user interactions to recommend tweets, users, or topics.


3: Write a Python or Scala function to count the frequency of hashtags in a given collection of tweets.

- Answer (Python):
   

     def count_hashtags(tweet_collection):
         hashtags_count = {}
         for tweet in tweet_collection:
             hashtags = [word for word in tweet.split() if word.startswith('#')]
             for hashtag in hashtags:
                 hashtags_count[hashtag] = hashtags_count.get(hashtag, 0) + 1
         return hashtags_count
     

4: How does graph analysis contribute to understanding user interactions and content propagation on Twitter? Provide a specific use case.

- Answer: Graph analysis on Twitter involves examining user interactions. For instance, identifying influential users or detecting communities based on retweet or mention networks. Algorithms like PageRank or Louvain Modularity can aid in these analyses.

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How much Statistics must I know to become a Data Scientist?

This is one of the most common questions

Here are the must-know Statistics concepts every Data Scientist should know:

𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆

↗ Bayes' Theorem & conditional probability
↗ Permutations & combinations
↗ Card & die roll problem-solving

𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰𝘀 & 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗯𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀

↗ Mean, median, mode
↗ Standard deviation and variance
↗  Bernoulli's, Binomial, Normal, Uniform, Exponential distributions

𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰𝘀

↗ A/B experimentation
↗ T-test, Z-test, Chi-squared tests
↗ Type 1 & 2 errors
↗ Sampling techniques & biases
↗ Confidence intervals & p-values
↗ Central Limit Theorem
↗ Causal inference techniques

𝗠𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴

↗ Logistic & Linear regression
↗ Decision trees & random forests
↗ Clustering models
↗ Feature engineering
↗ Feature selection methods
↗ Model testing & validation
↗ Time series analysis

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Data Science Interview Questions

Question 1 : How would you approach building a recommendation system for personalized content on Facebook? Consider factors like scalability and user privacy.

   - Answer: Building a recommendation system for personalized content on Facebook would involve collaborative filtering or content-based methods. Scalability can be achieved using distributed computing, and user privacy can be preserved through techniques like federated learning.


Question 2 : Describe a situation where you had to navigate conflicting opinions within your team. How did you facilitate resolution and maintain team cohesion?

   - Answer: In navigating conflicting opinions within a team, I facilitated resolution through open communication, active listening, and finding common ground. Prioritizing team cohesion was key to achieving consensus.


Question 3 : How would you enhance the security of user data on Facebook, considering the evolving landscape of cybersecurity threats?

   - Answer: Enhancing the security of user data on Facebook involves implementing robust encryption mechanisms, access controls, and regular security audits. Ensuring compliance with privacy regulations and proactive threat monitoring are essential.

Question 4 : Design a real-time notification system for Facebook, ensuring timely delivery of notifications to users across various platforms.

   - Answer: Designing a real-time notification system for Facebook requires technologies like WebSocket for real-time communication and push notifications. Ensuring scalability and reliability through distributed systems is crucial for timely delivery.

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