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βThere is no thing as a single-issue struggle because we do not live single-issue lives.β
A. Lorde
A. Lorde
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I'm a man who's got a very specific taste.
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"Hence, quite apart from the immense transformation which took place in shipbuilding, the means of communication and transport gradually adapted themselves to the mode of production of large-scale industry by means of a system of river steamers, railways, ocean steamers and telegraphs. But the huge masses of iron that had now to be forged, welded, cut, bored and shaped required for their part machines of Cyclopean dimensions, which the machine-building trades of the period of manufacture were incapable of constructing. Large-scale industry therefore had to take over the machine itself, its own characteristic instrument of production, and to produce machines by means of machines. It was not till it did this that it could create for itself an adequate technical foundation, and stand on its own feet."
K. Marx; Capital
K. Marx; Capital
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"The more production comes to rest on exchange value, hence on exchange, the more important do the physical conditions of exchange β the means of communication and transport β become for the costs of circulation. Capital by its nature drives beyond every spatial barrier. Thus the creation of the physical conditions of exchange β of the means of communication and transport β the annihilation of space by time β becomes an extraordinary necessity for it. Only in so far as the direct product can be realized in distant markets in mass quantities in proportion to reductions in the transport costs, and only in so far as at the same time the means of communication and transport themselves can yield spheres of realization for labour, driven by capital; only in so far as commercial traffic takes place in massive volume β in which more than necessary labour is replaced β only to that extent is the production of cheap means of communication and transport a condition for production based on capital, and promoted by it for that reason. All labour required in order to throw the finished product into circulation β it is in economic circulation only when it is present on the market β is from capitalβs viewpoint a barrier to be overcome β as is all labour required as a condition for the production process (thus e.g. expenses for the security of exchange etc.)."
K. Marx; Grundrisse: Notebook V
K. Marx; Grundrisse: Notebook V
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Post-Foucault
"The more production comes to rest on exchange value, hence on exchange, the more important do the physical conditions of exchange β the means of communication and transport β become for the costs of circulation. Capital by its nature drives beyond every spatialβ¦
"Circulation time thus appears as a barrier to the productivity of labour = an increase in necessary labour time = a decrease in surplus labour time = a decrease in surplus value = an obstruction, a barrier to the self-realization process [Selbstverwertungsprozess] of capital. Thus, while capital must on one side strive to tear down every spatial barrier to intercourse, i.e. to exchange, and conquer the whole earth for its market, it strives on the other side to annihilate this space with time, i.e. to reduce to a minimum the time spent in motion from one place to another. The more developed the capital, therefore, the more extensive the market over which it circulates, which forms the spatial orbit of its circulation, the more does it strive simultaneously for an even greater extension of the market and for greater annihilation of space by time. (If labour time is regarded not as the working day of the individual worker, but as the indefinite working day of an indefinite number of workers, then all relations of population come in here; the basic doctrines of population are therefore just as much contained in this first chapter on capital as are those of profit, price, credit etc.) There appears here the universalizing tendency of capital, which distinguishes it from all previous stages of production. Although limited by its very nature, it strives towards the universal development of the forces of production, and thus becomes the presupposition of a new mode of production, which is founded not on the development of the forces of production for the purpose of reproducing or at most expanding a given condition, but where the free, unobstructed, progressive and universal development of the forces of production is itself the presupposition of society and hence of its reproduction; where advance beyond the point of departure is the only presupposition. This tendency β which capital possesses, but which at the same time, since capital is a limited form of production, contradicts it and hence drives it towards dissolution β distinguishes capital from all earlier modes of production, and at the same time contains this element, that capital is posited as a mere point of transition."
K. Marx; Grundrisse: Notebook V
K. Marx; Grundrisse: Notebook V
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