Power BI Interview Questions Asked Bajaj Auto Ltd

1. Self Introduction
2. What are your roles and responsibilities of your project?
3. Difference between Import Mode and Direct Mode?
4. What kind of projects have you worked on Domain?
5. How do you handle complex data transformations in Power Query? Can you provide an example of a challenging transformation you implemented?
6. What challenges you faced while doing a projects?
7. Types of Refreshes in Power BI?
8. What is DAX in Power BI?
9. How do you perform data cleansing and transformation in Power BI?
10. How do you connect to data sources in Power BI?
11. What are the components in Power BI?
12. What is Power Pivot will do in Power BI?
13. Write a query to fetch top 5 employees having highest salary?
14. Write a query to find 2nd highest salary from employee table?
15. Difference between Rank function & Dense Rank function in SQL?
16. Difference between Power BI Desktop & Power BI Service?
17. How will you optimize Power BI reports?
18. What are the difficulties you have faced when doing a projects?
19. How can you optimize a SQL query?
20. What is Indexes?
21. How ETL process happen in Power BI?
22. What is difference between Star schema & Snowflake schema and how will know when to use which schemas respectively?
23. How will you perform filtering & it's types?
24. What is Bookmarks?
25. Difference between Drilldown and Drill through in Power BI?
26. Difference between Calculated column and measure?
27. Difference between Slicer and Filter?
28. What is a use Pandas, Matplotlib, seaborn Libraries?
29. Difference between Sum and SumX?
30. Do you have any questions?

📊 Complete Roadmap to Become a Power BI Expert

📂 1. Understand Basics of Data & BI
– What is Business Intelligence?
– Importance of data visualization

📂 2. Learn Power BI Interface
– Power BI Desktop overview
– Power Query Editor basics

📂 3. Connect to Data Sources
– Excel, SQL Server, SharePoint, APIs, CSV, etc.

📂 4. Data Transformation & Cleaning
– Use Power Query to shape, clean, and prepare data

📂 5. Learn Data Modeling
– Create relationships between tables
– Understand star schema & normalization basics

📂 6. Master DAX (Data Analysis Expressions)
– Calculated columns, measures, time intelligence functions

📂 7. Create Interactive Visualizations
– Charts, slicers, maps, tables, and custom visuals

📂 8. Build Dashboards & Reports
– Combine visuals for insightful dashboards
– Use bookmarks, drill-throughs, tooltips

📂 9. Publish & Share Reports
– Power BI Service basics
– Sharing, workspaces, and app creation

📂 10. Learn Power BI Administration
– Row-level security (RLS)
– Gateway setup & scheduled refresh

📂 11. Practice Real-World Projects
– Sales dashboards, financial reports, customer insights

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✅ 🚀 Power BI Interview Questions (For Analyst/BI Roles)

1️⃣ Explain DAX CALCULATE() Function
Used to modify the filter context of a measure.
✅ Example:
CALCULATE(SUM(Sales[Amount]), Region = "West")

2️⃣ What is ALL() function in DAX?
Removes filters — useful for calculating totals regardless of filters.

3️⃣ How does FILTER() differ from CALCULATE()?
FILTER returns a table; CALCULATE modifies context using that table.

4️⃣ Difference between SUMX and SUM?
SUMX iterates over rows, applying an expression; SUM just totals a column.

5️⃣ Explain STAR vs SNOWFLAKE Schema
- Star: denormalized, simple
- Snowflake: normalized, complex relationships

6️⃣ What is a Composite Model?
Allows combining Import + DirectQuery sources in one report.

7️⃣ What are Virtual Tables in DAX?
Tables created in memory during calculation — not physical.

8️⃣ What is the difference between USERNAME() and USERPRINCIPALNAME()?
Used for dynamic RLS.
- USERNAME(): Local machine login
- USERPRINCIPALNAME(): Cloud identity (email)

9️⃣ Explain Time Intelligence Functions
Examples:
- TOTALYTD(), DATESINPERIOD(), SAMEPERIODLASTYEAR()
Used for date-based calculations.

🔟 Common DAX Optimization Tips
- Avoid complex nested functions
- Use variables (VAR)
- Reduce row context with calculated columns

1️⃣1️⃣ What is Incremental Refresh?
Only refreshes new/changed data – improves performance in large datasets.

1️⃣2️⃣ What are Parameters in Power BI?
User-defined inputs to make reports dynamic and reusable.

1️⃣3️⃣ What is a Dataflow?
Reusable ETL layer in Power BI Service using Power Query Online.

1️⃣4️⃣ Difference Between Live Connection vs DirectQuery vs Import
- Import: Fast, offline
- DirectQuery: Real-time, slower
- Live Connection: Full model lives on SSAS

1️⃣5️⃣ Advanced Visuals Use Cases
- Decomposition Tree for root cause analysis
- KPI Cards for performance metrics
- Paginated Reports for printable tables

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Most Asked SQL Interview Questions at MAANG Companies🔥🔥

Preparing for an SQL Interview at MAANG Companies? Here are some crucial SQL Questions you should be ready to tackle:

1. How do you retrieve all columns from a table?

SELECT * FROM table_name;

2. What SQL statement is used to filter records?

SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

The WHERE clause is used to filter records based on a specified condition.

3. How can you join multiple tables? Describe different types of JOINs.

SELECT columns
FROM table1
JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column
JOIN table3 ON table2.column = table3.column;

Types of JOINs:

1. INNER JOIN: Returns records with matching values in both tables

SELECT * FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

2. LEFT JOIN: Returns all records from the left table & matched records from the right table. Unmatched records will have NULL values.

SELECT * FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

3. RIGHT JOIN: Returns all records from the right table & matched records from the left table. Unmatched records will have NULL values.

SELECT * FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

4. FULL JOIN: Returns records when there is a match in either left or right table. Unmatched records will have NULL values.

SELECT * FROM table1
FULL JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

4. What is the difference between WHERE & HAVING clauses?

WHERE: Filters records before any groupings are made.

SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

HAVING: Filters records after groupings are made.

SELECT column, COUNT(*)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column
HAVING COUNT(*) > value;

5. How do you calculate average, sum, minimum & maximum values in a column?

Average: SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;

Sum: SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;

Minimum: SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;

Maximum: SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;

Here you can find essential SQL Interview Resources👇
https://t.iss.one/mysqldata

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Hope it helps :)

🔍 Advanced Power BI Interview Questions & Answers

1️⃣ What is Power BI Aggregations? 
Aggregations improve performance by precomputing data at a higher level and storing it in memory. Power BI can automatically redirect queries to aggregated tables when possible.

2️⃣ Explain the concept of Composite Models. 
Composite models allow combining Import and DirectQuery data sources in a single report, offering flexibility in performance and real-time access.

3️⃣ What is the difference between Power Query and Power Pivot?
⦁ Power Query: Used for data transformation and loading
⦁ Power Pivot: Used for data modeling and DAX calculations

4️⃣ What is the role of Tabular Model in Power BI? 
Power BI uses the Tabular Model (based on SSAS) for in-memory analytics, enabling fast calculations and relationships.

5️⃣ How does Incremental Refresh work? 
Incremental Refresh loads only new or changed data during scheduled refreshes, improving efficiency for large datasets.

6️⃣ What is the significance of the VertiPaq engine? 
VertiPaq is the in-memory engine that compresses and stores data efficiently, enabling fast query performance in Power BI.

7️⃣ How do you implement dynamic titles in Power BI? 
Use DAX measures and card visuals to create titles that change based on slicer selections or filters.

8️⃣ What is the difference between USERNAME() and USERPRINCIPALNAME()?
⦁ USERNAME() returns the domain\username format
⦁ USERPRINCIPALNAME() returns the email format, preferred for cloud-based RLS

9️⃣ How do you handle circular dependency errors in DAX? 
Avoid creating calculated columns/measures that reference each other recursively. Use variables and restructure logic to break the loop.

🔟 What is the use of CALCULATE in DAX? 
CALCULATE modifies the context of a calculation by applying filters. It’s essential for dynamic aggregations. 
Example: 
Sales West = CALCULATE(SUM(Sales[Amount]), Region = "West")

1️⃣1️⃣ What are Aggregation Tables and when should you use them? 
Aggregation tables store pre-summarized data to improve performance on large datasets. Use them when querying detailed data is too slow.

1️⃣2️⃣ How do you implement Role-Level Security (RLS) with dynamic filters? 
Create a user table with email addresses and region mappings, then use DAX with USERPRINCIPALNAME() to filter data dynamically.

1️⃣3️⃣ What is the difference between SUM and SUMX in DAX?
⦁ SUM: Adds values from a column
⦁ SUMX: Iterates over a table and evaluates an expression row by row

1️⃣4️⃣ What are Parameters in Power BI and how are they used? 
Parameters allow dynamic input into queries or filters. Useful for what-if analysis, dynamic data sources, or user-driven filtering.

1️⃣5️⃣ How do you use Field Parameters in Power BI? 
Field Parameters let users dynamically switch dimensions or measures in visuals using slicers—great for interactive dashboards.

1️⃣6️⃣ What is the purpose of the Performance Analyzer in Power BI? 
It helps identify slow visuals and DAX queries by showing render times, query durations, and bottlenecks.

1️⃣7️⃣ How do you handle many-to-many relationships in Power BI? 
Use a bridge table with unique keys and set relationships as “many-to-one” on both sides, or use DAX functions like TREATAS().

1️⃣8️⃣ What is the difference between SELECTEDVALUE and VALUES in DAX?
⦁ SELECTEDVALUE: Returns a single value if only one is selected, otherwise returns blank or a default
⦁ VALUES: Returns a table of distinct values

1️⃣9️⃣ How do you create a paginated report in Power BI? 
Use Power BI Report Builder to design pixel-perfect reports ideal for printing or exporting, especially with large tables.

2️⃣0️⃣ What are the limitations of DirectQuery mode?
⦁ Slower performance due to live queries
⦁ Limited DAX functions
⦁ No support for certain transformations
⦁ Dependency on source system availability

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Essential Skills Excel for Data Analysts 🚀

1️⃣ Data Cleaning & Transformation

Remove Duplicates – Ensure unique records.
Find & Replace – Quick data modifications.
Text Functions – TRIM, LEN, LEFT, RIGHT, MID, PROPER.
Data Validation – Restrict input values.

2️⃣ Data Analysis & Manipulation

Sorting & Filtering – Organize and extract key insights.
Conditional Formatting – Highlight trends, outliers.
Pivot Tables – Summarize large datasets efficiently.
Power Query – Automate data transformation.

3️⃣ Essential Formulas & Functions

Lookup Functions – VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, XLOOKUP, INDEX-MATCH.
Logical Functions – IF, AND, OR, IFERROR, IFS.
Aggregation Functions – SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, COUNT, COUNTA.
Text Functions – CONCATENATE, TEXTJOIN, SUBSTITUTE.

4️⃣ Data Visualization
Charts & Graphs – Bar, Line, Pie, Scatter, Histogram.

Sparklines – Miniature charts inside cells.
Conditional Formatting – Color scales, data bars.
Dashboard Creation – Interactive and dynamic reports.

5️⃣ Advanced Excel Techniques
Array Formulas – Dynamic calculations with multiple values.
Power Pivot & DAX – Advanced data modeling.
What-If Analysis – Goal Seek, Scenario Manager.
Macros & VBA – Automate repetitive tasks.

6️⃣ Data Import & Export
CSV & TXT Files – Import and clean raw data.
Power Query – Connect to databases, web sources.
Exporting Reports – PDF, CSV, Excel formats.

Here you can find some free Excel books & useful resources: https://t.iss.one/excel_data

Hope it helps :)

#dataanalyst

📈 Data Visualisation Cheatsheet: 13 Must-Know Chart Types ✅

1️⃣ Gantt Chart
Tracks project schedules over time.
🔹 Advantage: Clarifies timelines & tasks
🔹 Use case: Project management & planning

2️⃣ Bubble Chart
Shows data with bubble size variations.
🔹 Advantage: Displays 3 data dimensions
🔹 Use case: Comparing social media engagement

3️⃣ Scatter Plots
Plots data points on two axes.
🔹 Advantage: Identifies correlations & clusters
🔹 Use case: Analyzing variable relationships

4️⃣ Histogram Chart
Visualizes data distribution in bins.
🔹 Advantage: Easy to see frequency
🔹 Use case: Understanding age distribution in surveys

5️⃣ Bar Chart
Uses rectangular bars to visualize data.
🔹 Advantage: Easy comparison across groups
🔹 Use case: Comparing sales across regions

6️⃣ Line Chart
Shows trends over time with lines.
🔹 Advantage: Clear display of data changes
🔹 Use case: Tracking stock market performance

7️⃣ Pie Chart
Represents data in circular segments.
🔹 Advantage: Simple proportion visualization
🔹 Use case: Displaying market share distribution

8️⃣ Maps
Geographic data representation on maps.
🔹 Advantage: Recognizes spatial patterns
🔹 Use case: Visualizing population density by area

9️⃣ Bullet Charts
Measures performance against a target.
🔹 Advantage: Compact alternative to gauges
🔹 Use case: Tracking sales vs quotas

🔟 Highlight Table
Colors tabular data based on values.
🔹 Advantage: Quickly identifies highs & lows
🔹 Use case: Heatmapping survey responses

1️⃣1️⃣ Tree Maps
Hierarchical data with nested rectangles.
🔹 Advantage: Efficient space usage
🔹 Use case: Displaying file system usage

1️⃣2️⃣ Box & Whisker Plot
Summarizes data distribution & outliers.
🔹 Advantage: Concise data spread representation
🔹 Use case: Comparing exam scores across classes

1️⃣3️⃣ Waterfall Charts / Walks
Visualizes sequential cumulative effect.
🔹 Advantage: Clarifies source of final value
🔹 Use case: Understanding profit & loss components

💡 Use the right chart to tell your data story clearly.

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✅ Step-by-Step: Create an HR Analytics Dashboard in Power BI 👩‍💼📊

🔰 Objective: Track employee headcount, attrition, hiring trends, department-wise breakdowns, and key HR KPIs.

Step 1: Gather & Prepare Data
✔ Collect HR data from Excel/CSV:
⦁ Employee ID, Name
⦁ Department, Gender, Age
⦁ Date of Joining, Resignation Date
⦁ Status (Active/Resigned)
⦁ Monthly Salary
💡 Optional: Use mock data from Mockaroo or Kaggle datasets like the HR Analytics sample.

Step 2: Load Data into Power BI
⦁ Open Power BI Desktop
⦁ Click Get Data → Choose Excel/CSV
⦁ Load your employee dataset

Step 3: Clean & Transform Data (Power Query)
⦁ Format columns (Date, Text, Number)
⦁ Create new columns:
🔸 Tenure = Today() - Date of Joining
🔸 Attrition = IF(Status = "Resigned", 1, 0)
⦁ Remove duplicates, fix nulls

Step 4: Create Measures (DAX)
🔹 Headcount = COUNTROWS(FILTER(EmployeeData, EmployeeData[Status] = "Active"))
🔹 Attrition Rate = DIVIDE(CALCULATE(COUNT(EmployeeData[Attrition]), EmployeeData[Attrition] = 1), [Headcount])
🔹 Average Tenure = AVERAGE(EmployeeData[Tenure])

Step 5: Design the Dashboard
Use visuals like:
⦁ Cards → Headcount, Attrition Rate, Avg Tenure
⦁ Bar Charts → Department-wise headcount
⦁ Pie/Donut → Gender distribution
⦁ Line Chart → Monthly hiring & attrition
⦁ Slicers → Department, Gender, Experience level
🎨 Tip: Use consistent colors for departments/genders

Step 6: Add Interactivity
✔ Use slicers to filter visuals
✔ Enable Drillthrough for department-level deep dive
✔ Use Tooltips to show extra details on hover

Step 7: Publish & Share
⦁ Save and Publish to Power BI Service
⦁ Set up refresh schedule (if needed)
⦁ Share dashboard link with HR/Management

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✅ Top 10 Power BI Interview Tips (2025) 📊🧠

1) Master the Data Model
Understand star vs snowflake schemas. Use relationships properly. Avoid bi-directional filters unless needed.

2) Use DAX with Confidence
Know how to write measures using CALCULATE, FILTER, ALL, VALUES, and time intelligence functions like YTD, MTD.

3) Practice Real Dashboards
Create projects like Sales, HR, or Finance dashboards using slicers, KPIs, and bookmarks.

4) Know the Visuals
Explain when to use bar, line, pie, matrix, and cards. Justify your choices with business logic.

5) Optimize Performance
Use fewer visuals, limit columns, and use summary tables. Avoid heavy calculated columns when a measure works.

6) Understand Power Query (M)
You may be asked to clean messy data—know how to remove duplicates, unpivot columns, or split data.

7) Explain Row-Level Security (RLS)
Be ready to show how to restrict access based on roles like region or department.

8) Showcase Time Intelligence
Know how to use a proper date table and build dynamic measures like QoQ or YoY growth.

9) Practice Common Use Cases
Be able to analyze sales trends, churn, forecasts, or customer segmentation.

10) Share Your Portfolio
Build and share your dashboards on LinkedIn or GitHub with proper business explanations.

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✅ Power BI Interview Mini-Challenge! 📊

𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿: Create a DAX measure to calculate total sales by region, including regions with zero sales.

𝗠𝗲: Here’s my DAX solution using SUMX and CROSSJOIN for complete coverage:

Total Sales by Region = 
SUMX(
    CROSSJOIN(VALUES(Regions[RegionName]), VALUES(Sales[Date])),
    CALCULATE(SUM(Sales[Amount]), 
              FILTER(Sales, Sales[RegionName] = EARLIER(Regions[RegionName]))
    )
)

✔ Why it works:
– CROSSJOIN generates all region combinations to include zeros.
– SUMX iterates for accurate totals per region.
– Handles sparse data perfectly for visuals like bar charts!

🔎 Bonus Insight:
Master DAX iterators like SUMX vs. SUM— they shine in complex scenarios. In Power BI, always test measures in reports to catch edge cases with filters.

💬 Tap ❤️ if this helped you!