Balochs from Iran, Sistan and Baluchestan Y-DNA 🇮🇷
Sample size: 24
Most common haplogroup: J (10, 41.7%)

📚Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399854

Persians from Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan Y-DNA 🇮🇷
Sample size: 102
Most common haplogroup: R (36, 35.3%)

📚Source:
https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-024-10217-1

Afro-Iranians from Hormozgan Y-DNA 🇮🇷
Sample size: 12
Most common haplogroups: E (4, 33.3%),
R (4, 33.3%)

📚Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399854

Lurs from Ilam Y-DNA 🇮🇷
Sample size: 56
Most common haplogroup: J (26, 46.4%)

📚Sources:
https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-024-10217-1
and secret samples

Garmsiris/Qeshmis from Hormozgan, QeshmY-DNA 🇮🇷
Sample size: 49
Most common haplogroup: J (21, 42.9%)

📚Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399854

Garmsiris/Bandaris from Hormozgan Y-DNA 🇮🇷
Sample size: 131
Most common haplogroup: R (51, 38.9%)

📚Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399854

Bakhtiari Lurs from Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Y-DNA 🇮🇷
Sample size: 12
Most common haplogroup: R (5, 41.7%)

📚Sources:
https://www.theytree.com
https://www.familytreedna.com
and other secret samples

📌 Results:
Badakhshan: 60%
Badghis, Farah, Herat, Helmand, Baghlan, Balkh and Samangan: 55%
Uruzgan and Zabul: 50-55%
Takhar, Jowzjan, Kunduz, Maidan Wardak, Kandahar and Ghor: 50%
Faryab: 45-50%
Khost, Paktia and Paktika:45%
Logar and Ghazni: 40-45%
Kabul, Kapisa, Laghman and Sar-e-Pol: 40%
Nimruz: 35-40%
Panjshir and Parwan: 35%
Nangarhar: 30-35%
Bamyan, Daikundi, Kunar and Nuristan: 30%

Samples used:
Turkmenistan_IA as Avestan Iranic (Yaz culture) ancestry
Pakistan_Loebanr_IA as Indic (Gandhara grave culture) ancestry
Mongolia_Bulgan_Xiongnu as East Asian ancestry

Tajiks from Kuhistoni Mastchoh Y-DNA 🇹🇯
Sample size: 12
Most common haplogroup: R (8, 66.7%)

📚 Sources:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23789
https://t.iss.one/tajikDNA/551?single
https://t.iss.one/tajikDNA/505?single
https://t.iss.one/tajikDNA/483?singl
https://t.iss.one/tajikDNA/440?single
https://t.iss.one/tajikDNA/404

Autosomal 🧬
Iron Age:
• 53.8% East Asian (Turkic/Mongolic)
• 46.2% Saka (Iranic)

Bronze Age:
• 62.7% East Asian
• 25.6% Indo-Iranian (Aryan)
• 11.7% BMAC (Oxus Civilization)

Closest populations🧬
• Modern: Other Kyrgyz people, Kazakhs and Karakalpaks
• Ancient: Medieval and Iron age samples from Eastern steppe

Haplogroup 🧬
Y-DNA:
• Sample size: 865
• Most common haplogroup: R (mostly Iranic related)

🗂 Model
• Iron age
target=Kyrgyz_Kyrgyzstan.HO
left=Mongolia_EIA_SlabGrave_1.AG,Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Saka.SG
right=Cameroon_ShumLaka_SMA.AG,Mongolia_North_N.AG,Russia_MLBA_Sintashta.AG,Russia_MLBA_Sintashta.SG,Uzbekistan_SappaliTepe_BA.AG


• Bronze Age
target=Kyrgyz_Kyrgyzstan.HO
left=Russia_Andronovo.SG,Mongolia_LBA_Ulaanzukh_2.AG,Uzbekistan_SappaliTepe_BA.AG
right=Cameroon_ShumLaka_SMA.AG,Mongolia_North_N.AG,Russia_MLBA_Sintashta.AG,Russia_MLBA_Sintashta.SG,Uzbekistan_Bustan_BA.AG

Autosomal 🧬
Iron Age:
• 54% Saka (Iranic)
• 46% East Asian (Turkic/Mongolic)

Bronze Age:
• 57.9% East Asian
• 28% Indo-Iranian (Aryan)
• 14.1% BMAC (Oxus Civilization)

Closest populations🧬
• Modern: Other Kazakh people, Kyrgyz and Karakalpaks
• Ancient: Medieval and Iron Age samples from Eastern steppe

Haplogroup 🧬
Y-DNA
• Sample size: 3153
• Source: t.iss.one/kazakhdna
• Most common haplogroup: C

🗂 Model
• Iron age
left=Kyrgyzstan_Saka_IA.AG,Mongolia_EIA_SlabGrave_1.AG
right=Cameroon_ShumLaka_SMA.AG,Mongolia_North_N.AG,Russia_MLBA_Sintashta.AG,Russia_MLBA_Sintashta.SG,Uzbekistan_SappaliTepe_BA.AG,Mongolia_North_N_mother.I23394.AG,Uzbekistan_Dzharkutan_BA_1.AG,Uzbekistan_Bustan_BA.AG
• Bronze Age
left=Russia_Andronovo.SG,Mongolia_LBA_Ulaanzukh_2.AG,Uzbekistan_SappaliTepe_BA.AG
right=Cameroon_ShumLaka_SMA.AG,Mongolia_North_N.AG,Russia_MLBA_Sintashta.AG,Russia_MLBA_Sintashta.SG,Uzbekistan_Bustan_BA.AG

• Sample size: 23

• Most common haplogroup: Q (47.8%)

• Subclades:
E1b1b1a1b2a-L1250
L1a1...-F3987(Y31961*)
N1a1-TAT
Q1a2a1a4a~-YP789
Q1a2a1a4a~YP789
Q1b1a3b1a~*-BZ93(BZ99*)
Q1a2a1-L715
Q1a2a1-L715
Q1a2a1a4b~-YP1681(YP1677)
Q1a1-NGQ11(F746)
Q1b1a3a1~-L332
Q1b1a3a1~-L332
Q1b1a3a-F15008(F23939*)
Q2b2...-YP4495(YP4500*)
R1a1a1b2a2a3c2~*-BY172798(Y155382)
R1a1a1b2a2b1d1~*-YP5938(F1019)
R1a1a1b2a2a3c2~*-S21872
R1a1a1b2a2a3b~-YP1456
R1a1a1b2a2a3b~-PH1397(YP1455*)
R1a1a1b2a2a3c2~*-BY172798(Y155382)
R1a1a1b2z-BY95774(Y195965*)
R1a1a1b2a1-F2421(Y147630*)
R1b2b2-BY86775(Y81807)

• Samples ID:
BRE004
BRE011
BRE013
BRE014
BRE007
BRE008
ALN005
DA81
DA101
DA385
DA100
DA52
DA127
DA73
DA96
DA105
DA74
DA54
DA85
DA65
KRY001
DA27
DA20

2,500-year-old Siberian mummy's tattoos archaeology news reveal Iron Age artistry and ancient techniques

A new study has unveiled incredibly detailed tattoos on a 2,500-year-old mummy unearthed in Siberia's Altai Mountains, yielding unusual insights into the artistry, technology, and cultural significance of tattooing by Iron Age nomads. Using high-resolution near-infrared imaging, archaeologists have digitally reconstructed these ancient tattoos with unprecedented precision.

The mummy, a 50-year-old woman at the time of death, was part of the Pazyryk culture, a sixth-to-second-century BCE Iron Age society that lived on the Eurasian steppe. The Pazyryk were renowned for constructing massive burial mounds, or kurgans. They buried their deceased in chambers carved into permafrost, which preserved organic material such as skin and body art...

More information:
https://archaeologymag.com/2025/08/siberian-mummys

Autosomal 🧬
Sample size: 4

Iron Age:
• 72% Indic (Gandhara grave culture)
• 28% Avestan Iranic (Yaz culture)

Bronze Age:
• 39.2% Indus Valley Civilization
• 31.2% BMAC (Oxus Civilization)
• 29.6% Indo-Iranian (Aryan)

Stone Age:
• 36.6% Zagros Neolithic Farmer
• 15.8% Anatolian Neolithic Farmer
• 15% West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer
• 12.8% South Asian Hunter-Gatherer
• 10.2% Eastern Hunter-Gatherer
• 9.6% Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer

Closest populations 🧬
• Modern: Kalashis and Damelis
• Ancient: Iron Age and Medieval Age samples from Pakistan

Haplogroup 🧬

Y-DNA:
• Sample size: 17
• Most common haplogroup: R (9, 52.9%)

• Parthians:
Northwestern Iranian people who lived in Parθaw and Varkâna regions.

• Medes:
Northwestern Iranian people who lived in Māda, Kādusiya, Kāspiya and Tapuriya regions.

• Persians:
A Southwestern Iranian people who lived in Pārsa, Karmāna, Utiya and Asagarta regions.

• Southeastern Iranians:
Harōiva, Gedrosiya and Zranka regions.

*Perthians, Medes, Persians and people of Harōiva, Gedrosiya and Zranka regions had roots in Yaz culture.

• Cimmerians:
A Northeastern Iranian people who lived in the pontic steppe.

• Scythians:
A Northeastern Iranian people who migrated from Karasuk culture to the Pontic steppe.

• Amārdis/Mārdis:
A Mssagetae/Saka related people who migrated from Dahā to Kādusiya region.

• Haltamti, Uxiya:
The natives of the western Iranian Plateau, also known as Elamites, spoke a language isolate family, the Elamite language.

• Kossaea:
A Hurro-Urartian people with possible Indo-Iranian nobility and related to Kassites who spoke Kassite language.

• Mannaea:
A Hurro-Urartian people who lived in Northwest of present-day Iran and spoke the Mannaean language.

• Urartu:
A Hurro-Urartian people who had a Kingdom in the Iron Age and spoke Urartian language.

• Armenia:
An Indo-European people who migrated from Catacomb culture to south Caucasus and spoke Armenian language.

• Assyria:
A Semitic people who spoke Assyrian language.