📚 OS Concepts — Deadlocks Made Simple! 🧵
Let’s break down how deadlocks happen, how to avoid them, and how to fix them if things go wrong 💥
🔒 Deadlock Needs 4 Conditions:
Mutual Exclusion → Only one thread uses a resource
Hold & Wait → Hold one lock, wait for another
No Preemption → Can’t force release of resources
Circular Wait → A waits for B, B for C, C for A
🛡 How to Avoid Deadlocks:
🔁 Lock Ordering → Always lock in the same order
✋ Hold & Wait Prevention → Grab all locks at once
🔄 Try-Lock + Retry → Release & retry after random delay
⚙️ Lock-Free (Atomic ops) → Avoid locks entirely
🚨 If Deadlock Happens:
☠️ Kill one thread → Free its resources
⏪ Rollback & Restart → Safer but needs saved state
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Let’s break down how deadlocks happen, how to avoid them, and how to fix them if things go wrong 💥
🔒 Deadlock Needs 4 Conditions:
Mutual Exclusion → Only one thread uses a resource
Hold & Wait → Hold one lock, wait for another
No Preemption → Can’t force release of resources
Circular Wait → A waits for B, B for C, C for A
🛡 How to Avoid Deadlocks:
🔁 Lock Ordering → Always lock in the same order
✋ Hold & Wait Prevention → Grab all locks at once
🔄 Try-Lock + Retry → Release & retry after random delay
⚙️ Lock-Free (Atomic ops) → Avoid locks entirely
🚨 If Deadlock Happens:
☠️ Kill one thread → Free its resources
⏪ Rollback & Restart → Safer but needs saved state
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🌈 Rainbow Table Attack Explained 🔓
A Rainbow Table Attack is a fast and sneaky way to crack passwords by using precomputed tables of hash values and their matching plain-text passwords.
💡 Unlike brute-force attacks (which try every combo one by one), rainbow tables match the hash directly using a huge database of known values.
🔁 Why It Works:
Hash functions are one-way by design — but if you don’t add extra protection (like salting), attackers can reverse them using these tables.
Basically:
👉 You hash a password → attacker finds that hash in their rainbow table → password cracked instantly! ⚠️
🧂 How to Stay Safe:
✅ Always salt your passwords — add random data before hashing.
✅ Use strong hashing algorithms like bcrypt, scrypt, or Argon2.
✅ Never store plain hashes without extra protection.
#CyberSecurity #RainbowTable #PasswordCracking #Hashing #Salting #InfoSec #CyberAttack #StaySecure
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A Rainbow Table Attack is a fast and sneaky way to crack passwords by using precomputed tables of hash values and their matching plain-text passwords.
💡 Unlike brute-force attacks (which try every combo one by one), rainbow tables match the hash directly using a huge database of known values.
🔁 Why It Works:
Hash functions are one-way by design — but if you don’t add extra protection (like salting), attackers can reverse them using these tables.
Basically:
👉 You hash a password → attacker finds that hash in their rainbow table → password cracked instantly! ⚠️
🧂 How to Stay Safe:
✅ Always salt your passwords — add random data before hashing.
✅ Use strong hashing algorithms like bcrypt, scrypt, or Argon2.
✅ Never store plain hashes without extra protection.
#CyberSecurity #RainbowTable #PasswordCracking #Hashing #Salting #InfoSec #CyberAttack #StaySecure
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📚 OS Concepts — What is a Context Switch? 🧵
Ever wonder how your system runs multiple apps at once on one CPU core? The magic is in context switching!
🔁 Context Switch = Save + Swap Process State
🧠 The CPU saves the current process state
📦 Loads another process's state
🚀 Starts running the new process like nothing changed!
🕒 Happens when:
Time slice ends (preemptive multitasking)
Process blocks (waiting for I/O)
OS handles system call
Switching between threads or users
📌 What’s saved?
CPU registers
Stack pointer
Program counter
Memory mapping info
🔐 Stored in the Process Control Block (PCB)
⚠️ Costly Operation
💸 Takes time & resources
📉 Too many = performance drop
✅ Tip: Efficient schedulers reduce unnecessary switches!
#OS #ContextSwitch #Multitasking #Scheduling #ComputerScience
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Ever wonder how your system runs multiple apps at once on one CPU core? The magic is in context switching!
🔁 Context Switch = Save + Swap Process State
🧠 The CPU saves the current process state
📦 Loads another process's state
🚀 Starts running the new process like nothing changed!
🕒 Happens when:
Time slice ends (preemptive multitasking)
Process blocks (waiting for I/O)
OS handles system call
Switching between threads or users
📌 What’s saved?
CPU registers
Stack pointer
Program counter
Memory mapping info
🔐 Stored in the Process Control Block (PCB)
⚠️ Costly Operation
💸 Takes time & resources
📉 Too many = performance drop
✅ Tip: Efficient schedulers reduce unnecessary switches!
#OS #ContextSwitch #Multitasking #Scheduling #ComputerScience
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📚 OS Concepts — How Are System Calls Secure? 🧵
Apps talk to the kernel using system calls — but how does the OS stop them from breaking things? Let’s see 🔒
🔹 1. Trap = Safe Doorbell
🔔 User apps can’t run kernel code directly — they trigger a trap (e.g., int 0x80) to switch modes.
🔹 2. Syscall Table Lookup
📋 Each syscall has a number (like read = 0, write = 1)
🔍 The kernel uses this to safely run a registered handler — no custom functions allowed.
🔹 3. Secure Input Handling
🛡 Kernel checks:
Are pointers valid?
Are arguments safe?
Can this memory be read/written?
No check = no execution.
🔹 4. Safe Copy Functions
🚫 Kernel never touches user memory directly!
✅ Uses:
copy_from_user()
get_user() / put_user()
🔹 5. Return to User Mode
Once done, the OS switches the CPU back to user mode — kernel stays protected.
📌 TL;DR: System calls are like guarded gates. The kernel:
Controls entry
Validates everything
Exits cleanly
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Apps talk to the kernel using system calls — but how does the OS stop them from breaking things? Let’s see 🔒
🔹 1. Trap = Safe Doorbell
🔔 User apps can’t run kernel code directly — they trigger a trap (e.g., int 0x80) to switch modes.
🔹 2. Syscall Table Lookup
📋 Each syscall has a number (like read = 0, write = 1)
🔍 The kernel uses this to safely run a registered handler — no custom functions allowed.
🔹 3. Secure Input Handling
🛡 Kernel checks:
Are pointers valid?
Are arguments safe?
Can this memory be read/written?
No check = no execution.
🔹 4. Safe Copy Functions
🚫 Kernel never touches user memory directly!
✅ Uses:
copy_from_user()
get_user() / put_user()
🔹 5. Return to User Mode
Once done, the OS switches the CPU back to user mode — kernel stays protected.
📌 TL;DR: System calls are like guarded gates. The kernel:
Controls entry
Validates everything
Exits cleanly
#OS #Syscall #Security #KernelMode #Trap #SystemCalls
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📚 OS Concepts — Producer-Consumer Problem 🧵
Let’s break down this classic synchronization problem with a tasty example 🍔👇
🔸 Scenario:
A chef (producer) makes burgers 🍔
A customer (consumer) eats them
They share a tray (buffer) with limited space (e.g., 5 slots)
🔸 The Problem:
Chef shouldn't add burgers if the tray is full
Customer shouldn't take burgers if the tray is empty
They shouldn't touch the tray at the same time
🔸 The Solution:
Use semaphores + mutex
empty: Blocks producer if tray is full
full: Blocks consumer if tray is empty
mutex: Stops race conditions on the tray
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Let’s break down this classic synchronization problem with a tasty example 🍔👇
🔸 Scenario:
A chef (producer) makes burgers 🍔
A customer (consumer) eats them
They share a tray (buffer) with limited space (e.g., 5 slots)
🔸 The Problem:
Chef shouldn't add burgers if the tray is full
Customer shouldn't take burgers if the tray is empty
They shouldn't touch the tray at the same time
🔸 The Solution:
Use semaphores + mutex
empty: Blocks producer if tray is full
full: Blocks consumer if tray is empty
mutex: Stops race conditions on the tray
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🔔The Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) is a metric used in machine learning to evaluate the quality of binary classification. It's considered a robust measure, particularly for imbalanced datasets, as it takes into account true and false positives and negatives. MCC values range from -1 to +1, where +1 indicates a perfect prediction, 0 indicates no better than random guessing, and -1 indicates total disagreement.
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🎤The Softmax activation function is a mathematical function that transforms a vector of raw model outputs, known as logits, into a probability distribution. In simpler terms, it takes a set of numbers and converts them into probabilities that sum up to 1.
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📌 Understanding the Sticky Bit in Linux/Unix 🧠💻
The Sticky Bit is a special permission used on directories to control file deletion. When set, only the file owner, directory owner, or root can delete or rename files inside that directory — even if others have write access.
🔐 Why It Matters:
In shared directories (like /tmp), users need to create files — but you don’t want anyone deleting someone else’s stuff. That’s where the Sticky Bit comes in!
🧪 Example:
Let's say you have a shared folder /shared:
# Everyone can read/write/execute
Without sticky bit:
➡️ Any user can delete anyone else's files 😬
Now set the sticky bit:
Check permissions:
You’ll see something like:
🔸 The t at the end means sticky bit is active.
✅ Key Takeaway:
Use the sticky bit to protect files in public directories where multiple users need access, but file ownership should be respected.
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The Sticky Bit is a special permission used on directories to control file deletion. When set, only the file owner, directory owner, or root can delete or rename files inside that directory — even if others have write access.
🔐 Why It Matters:
In shared directories (like /tmp), users need to create files — but you don’t want anyone deleting someone else’s stuff. That’s where the Sticky Bit comes in!
🧪 Example:
Let's say you have a shared folder /shared:
sudo mkdir /shared
sudo chmod 777 /shared
# Everyone can read/write/execute
Without sticky bit:
➡️ Any user can delete anyone else's files 😬
Now set the sticky bit:
sudo chmod +t /shared
Check permissions:
ls -ld /shared
You’ll see something like:
drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 4096 Jun 6 10:00 /shared
🔸 The t at the end means sticky bit is active.
✅ Key Takeaway:
Use the sticky bit to protect files in public directories where multiple users need access, but file ownership should be respected.
#LinuxTips #StickyBit #Permissions #Unix #SysAdmin #CyberSecurity #InfoSec #FileSecurity #LinuxBasics
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🧊A firewall DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) is a separate, isolated network segment designed to protect an organization's internal network from external threats. It acts as a buffer zone between the internal network and the untrusted internet, allowing public access to specific services while keeping sensitive data and resources secure.
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📚 OS Concepts — Why Timer Interrupts Matter ⏰🧵
Let’s talk about one of the most powerful tools the OS has — timer interrupts!
🔹 What is a Timer Interrupt?
⏱️ A signal from hardware to the CPU at regular intervals
💥 It interrupts the running process to let the OS take over
🔹 Why is it Important?
✅ 1. Preemptive Scheduling
🔁 Timer says: “Time’s up!” → OS switches to the next process
✅ 2. Time Tracking
⏳ Helps with sleep(), delays, and CPU usage accounting
✅ 3. System Maintenance
🔄 OS runs background tasks like cleaning memory, updating clocks
✅ 4. Crash Protection
🧯 Stops buggy apps from hanging the entire system
📌 Without timer interrupts, multitasking would be impossible!
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#OS #TimerInterrupt #Scheduling #Multitasking #ComputerScience
Let’s talk about one of the most powerful tools the OS has — timer interrupts!
🔹 What is a Timer Interrupt?
⏱️ A signal from hardware to the CPU at regular intervals
💥 It interrupts the running process to let the OS take over
🔹 Why is it Important?
✅ 1. Preemptive Scheduling
🔁 Timer says: “Time’s up!” → OS switches to the next process
✅ 2. Time Tracking
⏳ Helps with sleep(), delays, and CPU usage accounting
✅ 3. System Maintenance
🔄 OS runs background tasks like cleaning memory, updating clocks
✅ 4. Crash Protection
🧯 Stops buggy apps from hanging the entire system
📌 Without timer interrupts, multitasking would be impossible!
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#OS #TimerInterrupt #Scheduling #Multitasking #ComputerScience
یکسال اشتراک رایگان هوش مصنوعی Perplexity به ارزش 200 دلار
🔹 نیازمندیها: گوشی سامسونگ گلکسی + VPN با آیپی آمریکا
مراحل انجام کار:
💀. سیمکارتتو از تنظیمات غیرفعال کن یا کامل درش بیار
💀. حالت هواپیما رو روشن کن (اختیاریه)
💀. کش و دیتای برنامهی Galaxy Store رو پاک کن
💀. یه vpn با آی پی آمریکا نصب کن
💀. گوشی رو ریستارت کن
💀. وارد اپ VPN شو، به ی آی پی آمریکا متصل شو
💀. این لینک رو باز کن:
💀. برنامهی Perplexity رو نصب کن
💀. موقع ورود، بهتره با یه ایمیل جدید وارد بشی (جیمیل یا آوتلوک پیشنهاد میشه)
💀💀. بعد از ورود، باید نسخهی Perplexity Pro برات فعال شده باشه
💀💀. اگه فعال نشد، برنامه رو پاک کن، دوباره کش و دیتای Galaxy Store رو پاک کن، آیپی رو تو VPN عوض کن و از اول تست کن
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🔹 نیازمندیها: گوشی سامسونگ گلکسی + VPN با آیپی آمریکا
مراحل انجام کار:
💀. سیمکارتتو از تنظیمات غیرفعال کن یا کامل درش بیار
💀. حالت هواپیما رو روشن کن (اختیاریه)
💀. کش و دیتای برنامهی Galaxy Store رو پاک کن
💀. یه vpn با آی پی آمریکا نصب کن
💀. گوشی رو ریستارت کن
💀. وارد اپ VPN شو، به ی آی پی آمریکا متصل شو
💀. این لینک رو باز کن:
https://apps.samsung.com/appquery/appDetail.as?appId=ai.perplexity.app.android
💀. برنامهی Perplexity رو نصب کن
💀. موقع ورود، بهتره با یه ایمیل جدید وارد بشی (جیمیل یا آوتلوک پیشنهاد میشه)
💀💀. بعد از ورود، باید نسخهی Perplexity Pro برات فعال شده باشه
💀💀. اگه فعال نشد، برنامه رو پاک کن، دوباره کش و دیتای Galaxy Store رو پاک کن، آیپی رو تو VPN عوض کن و از اول تست کن
درضمن بعد از ثبت نام میتونید با همون اکانت برای پلتفرم های دیگه مثل آیفون یا ... استفاده کنید
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Samsung
Perplexity - Ask Anything
Cut through the clutter and get straight to credible, up-to-date answers. This free app syncs across devices and leverages the power of AI like OpenAI's GPT-4 and Anthropic's Claude 2. Your smarter...
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A trampoline in inline hooking is a small piece of code that helps preserve and continue the original function’s execution after the hook has intercepted it.
🪜 Trampoline = Restore and Continue
A trampoline does two things:
🔶Recreates the original bytes (that were overwritten by the hook)
🔶Jumps back to the rest of the original function (after the overwritten area)
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🪜 Trampoline = Restore and Continue
A trampoline does two things:
🔶Recreates the original bytes (that were overwritten by the hook)
🔶Jumps back to the rest of the original function (after the overwritten area)
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✅ Telegram-Style Educational Post
📚 OS Concepts — What is Pooling? 🔁🧵
Pooling is one of the best performance tricks used in OS & systems. Let’s break it down!
🔹 What is Pooling?
It’s the idea of reusing a fixed set of resources instead of creating new ones every time.
🔧 Common Examples:
Thread Pool → Reuse threads instead of making new ones
Connection Pool → Share open DB connections across users
Memory Pool → Pre-allocate memory blocks for reuse
Buffer Pool → Speed up disk & file I/O
🧠 Why Pool?
✅ Faster than creating/destroying resources
✅ Saves memory and CPU
✅ Prevents system overload during high traffic
📌 Think of it like a shared bike station: You grab a bike, use it, and return it — instead of buying a new one each time.
#OS #ThreadPool #ConnectionPool #MemoryManagement #Performance #InfoSecTube
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📚 OS Concepts — What is Pooling? 🔁🧵
Pooling is one of the best performance tricks used in OS & systems. Let’s break it down!
🔹 What is Pooling?
It’s the idea of reusing a fixed set of resources instead of creating new ones every time.
🔧 Common Examples:
Thread Pool → Reuse threads instead of making new ones
Connection Pool → Share open DB connections across users
Memory Pool → Pre-allocate memory blocks for reuse
Buffer Pool → Speed up disk & file I/O
🧠 Why Pool?
✅ Faster than creating/destroying resources
✅ Saves memory and CPU
✅ Prevents system overload during high traffic
📌 Think of it like a shared bike station: You grab a bike, use it, and return it — instead of buying a new one each time.
#OS #ThreadPool #ConnectionPool #MemoryManagement #Performance #InfoSecTube
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💉A code property graph of a program is a graph representation of the program obtained by merging its abstract syntax trees (AST), control-flow graphs (CFG) and program dependence graphs (PDG) at statement and predicate nodes.
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🎯Top-K pooling is a technique used in various deep learning applications, particularly in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and image processing, to select and retain the top 'k' most important elements from a set, while discarding the rest. It's a way to condense information and focus on the most relevant features.
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🔶SSL stripping, also known as TLS stripping, is a type of man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack that forces a secure HTTPS connection to downgrade to an insecure HTTP connection. This allows attackers to intercept and potentially manipulate data sent between a user and a website, even though the user believes they are on a secure connection.
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🧾 1. What Is PEM (Privacy-Enhanced Mail)?
Originally, PEM was a set of IETF standards (from the 1990s) designed to provide:
📧 Confidentiality (encryption of emails)
✅ Authentication (sender verification)
🔐 Integrity (tamper protection)
📜 Key management (using public-key infrastructure)
However, as a secure email standard, PEM was never widely adopted, and modern secure email uses standards like PGP and S/MIME instead.
📂 2. What Is PEM Today? (File Format)
In practice, PEM is now best known for its file format used to store:
SSL/TLS certificates (X.509)
Private keys
Certificate signing requests (CSRs)
Public keys
These files are Base64-encoded with headers and footers like:
PEM file extensions: .pem, .crt, .cer, .key, .csr (often interchangeable, depending on content)
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Originally, PEM was a set of IETF standards (from the 1990s) designed to provide:
📧 Confidentiality (encryption of emails)
✅ Authentication (sender verification)
🔐 Integrity (tamper protection)
📜 Key management (using public-key infrastructure)
However, as a secure email standard, PEM was never widely adopted, and modern secure email uses standards like PGP and S/MIME instead.
📂 2. What Is PEM Today? (File Format)
In practice, PEM is now best known for its file format used to store:
SSL/TLS certificates (X.509)
Private keys
Certificate signing requests (CSRs)
Public keys
These files are Base64-encoded with headers and footers like:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
[Base64 encoded data]
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
PEM file extensions: .pem, .crt, .cer, .key, .csr (often interchangeable, depending on content)
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📚 OS & Hardware — What is DMA (Direct Memory Access)? ⚙️🧵
Let’s explore how computers move data super efficiently without burdening the CPU!
🔹 DMA = Direct Memory Access
🧠 It lets devices talk directly to RAM, skipping the CPU
💥 Makes data transfer much faster & more efficient
🔧 Without DMA:
CPU handles every byte of data → slow + distracting
🔧 With DMA:
CPU gives the job to the DMA controller, then goes back to work.
Once done → DMA sends an interrupt
📦 Used In:
File transfers 📂
Network packets 🌐
GPU / sound systems 🎮
Embedded devices 📷
🍔 Analogy:
DMA = Assistant who moves stuff so the chef (CPU) can focus on cooking!
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Let’s explore how computers move data super efficiently without burdening the CPU!
🔹 DMA = Direct Memory Access
🧠 It lets devices talk directly to RAM, skipping the CPU
💥 Makes data transfer much faster & more efficient
🔧 Without DMA:
CPU handles every byte of data → slow + distracting
🔧 With DMA:
CPU gives the job to the DMA controller, then goes back to work.
Once done → DMA sends an interrupt
📦 Used In:
File transfers 📂
Network packets 🌐
GPU / sound systems 🎮
Embedded devices 📷
🍔 Analogy:
DMA = Assistant who moves stuff so the chef (CPU) can focus on cooking!
#OS #DMA #Memory #Interrupts #HardwareAcceleration #InfoSecTube
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🔐 What Does Forward Secrecy Do?
1)When you establish a secure connection (like HTTPS), the session uses a temporary session key to encrypt data.
2)Forward secrecy ensures that each session key is unique and ephemeral — it’s generated for that session only and not derived solely from the server’s long-term key.
3)If an attacker obtains the server’s private key later on, they cannot decrypt past communications recorded from earlier sessions.
🧠 How Is Forward Secrecy Achieved?
Typically, through ephemeral key exchange algorithms such as:
Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman (DHE)
Elliptic Curve Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman (ECDHE)
These generate a fresh temporary key pair per session.
1)When you establish a secure connection (like HTTPS), the session uses a temporary session key to encrypt data.
2)Forward secrecy ensures that each session key is unique and ephemeral — it’s generated for that session only and not derived solely from the server’s long-term key.
3)If an attacker obtains the server’s private key later on, they cannot decrypt past communications recorded from earlier sessions.
🧠 How Is Forward Secrecy Achieved?
Typically, through ephemeral key exchange algorithms such as:
Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman (DHE)
Elliptic Curve Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman (ECDHE)
These generate a fresh temporary key pair per session.
PGP stands for Pretty Good Privacy, and it is a widely used encryption and digital signing system that provides confidentiality, integrity, and authentication for digital communication—especially emails and files.
🔐 What Does PGP Do?
PGP allows you to:
Encrypt messages/files so only the intended recipient can read them
Digitally sign messages/files to prove they came from you and weren't altered
🧠 How PGP Works (High-Level):
PGP uses a hybrid cryptographic approach:
Asymmetric encryption (public/private keys) for key exchange and digital signatures
Symmetric encryption (e.g., AES) for actual message encryption (faster)
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🔐 What Does PGP Do?
PGP allows you to:
Encrypt messages/files so only the intended recipient can read them
Digitally sign messages/files to prove they came from you and weren't altered
🧠 How PGP Works (High-Level):
PGP uses a hybrid cryptographic approach:
Asymmetric encryption (public/private keys) for key exchange and digital signatures
Symmetric encryption (e.g., AES) for actual message encryption (faster)
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