Defense in depth is a security strategy that uses multiple layers of protection to safeguard assets. It's a proactive approach that aims to deter threats before they happen and mitigate damage if an attack is successful. By layering security controls, defense in depth provides redundancy and helps contain breaches, even if one layer fails.
Examples of Security Controls in a DiD Strategy:
Perimeter Security: Firewalls, intrusion prevention systems.
Network Security: Network segmentation, VPNs.
Endpoint Security: Antivirus, endpoint detection and response (EDR).
Application Security: Security testing, vulnerability management.
Data Security: Encryption, access control lists.
Identity and Access Management: Multi-factor authentication, least privilege principle.
Security Awareness Training: Educating users about potential threats.
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Examples of Security Controls in a DiD Strategy:
Perimeter Security: Firewalls, intrusion prevention systems.
Network Security: Network segmentation, VPNs.
Endpoint Security: Antivirus, endpoint detection and response (EDR).
Application Security: Security testing, vulnerability management.
Data Security: Encryption, access control lists.
Identity and Access Management: Multi-factor authentication, least privilege principle.
Security Awareness Training: Educating users about potential threats.
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⏱️ What is TOTP? (Time-based One-Time Password) 🔐
TOTP stands for Time-based One-Time Password, a widely used algorithm in multi-factor authentication (MFA) that generates a new, temporary password every 30 seconds based on time and a shared secret.
🛠 How It Works:
🔑 A shared secret key
🕒 The current timestamp
Together, these generate a short, unique code — valid for a limited time (usually 30 seconds). After that, it's gone! 🚫
📲 Commonly used in apps like Google Authenticator, Authy, and Microsoft Authenticator.
✅ Why TOTP is Great:
🔒 Codes constantly refresh
💥 Resistant to replay attacks
📶 No need for constant internet — works offline
🚀 Easy to implement and user-friendly
⚠️ Just remember: if your device's time is off, TOTP might not work correctly!
#CyberSecurity #TOTP #2FA #OneTimePassword #MFA #Authentication #InfoSec #StaySecure #AuthApps #TimeBasedSecurity
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TOTP stands for Time-based One-Time Password, a widely used algorithm in multi-factor authentication (MFA) that generates a new, temporary password every 30 seconds based on time and a shared secret.
🛠 How It Works:
🔑 A shared secret key
🕒 The current timestamp
Together, these generate a short, unique code — valid for a limited time (usually 30 seconds). After that, it's gone! 🚫
📲 Commonly used in apps like Google Authenticator, Authy, and Microsoft Authenticator.
✅ Why TOTP is Great:
🔒 Codes constantly refresh
💥 Resistant to replay attacks
📶 No need for constant internet — works offline
🚀 Easy to implement and user-friendly
⚠️ Just remember: if your device's time is off, TOTP might not work correctly!
#CyberSecurity #TOTP #2FA #OneTimePassword #MFA #Authentication #InfoSec #StaySecure #AuthApps #TimeBasedSecurity
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⛑Intermediate code (also known as intermediate representation, or IR) is a machine-independent representation of a program, generated by a compiler as a step between the source code and machine code. It allows for better optimization and portability, making it easier to target different hardware architectures with a single compiler.
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📚 OS Concepts — Deadlocks Made Simple! 🧵
Let’s break down how deadlocks happen, how to avoid them, and how to fix them if things go wrong 💥
🔒 Deadlock Needs 4 Conditions:
Mutual Exclusion → Only one thread uses a resource
Hold & Wait → Hold one lock, wait for another
No Preemption → Can’t force release of resources
Circular Wait → A waits for B, B for C, C for A
🛡 How to Avoid Deadlocks:
🔁 Lock Ordering → Always lock in the same order
✋ Hold & Wait Prevention → Grab all locks at once
🔄 Try-Lock + Retry → Release & retry after random delay
⚙️ Lock-Free (Atomic ops) → Avoid locks entirely
🚨 If Deadlock Happens:
☠️ Kill one thread → Free its resources
⏪ Rollback & Restart → Safer but needs saved state
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Let’s break down how deadlocks happen, how to avoid them, and how to fix them if things go wrong 💥
🔒 Deadlock Needs 4 Conditions:
Mutual Exclusion → Only one thread uses a resource
Hold & Wait → Hold one lock, wait for another
No Preemption → Can’t force release of resources
Circular Wait → A waits for B, B for C, C for A
🛡 How to Avoid Deadlocks:
🔁 Lock Ordering → Always lock in the same order
✋ Hold & Wait Prevention → Grab all locks at once
🔄 Try-Lock + Retry → Release & retry after random delay
⚙️ Lock-Free (Atomic ops) → Avoid locks entirely
🚨 If Deadlock Happens:
☠️ Kill one thread → Free its resources
⏪ Rollback & Restart → Safer but needs saved state
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🌈 Rainbow Table Attack Explained 🔓
A Rainbow Table Attack is a fast and sneaky way to crack passwords by using precomputed tables of hash values and their matching plain-text passwords.
💡 Unlike brute-force attacks (which try every combo one by one), rainbow tables match the hash directly using a huge database of known values.
🔁 Why It Works:
Hash functions are one-way by design — but if you don’t add extra protection (like salting), attackers can reverse them using these tables.
Basically:
👉 You hash a password → attacker finds that hash in their rainbow table → password cracked instantly! ⚠️
🧂 How to Stay Safe:
✅ Always salt your passwords — add random data before hashing.
✅ Use strong hashing algorithms like bcrypt, scrypt, or Argon2.
✅ Never store plain hashes without extra protection.
#CyberSecurity #RainbowTable #PasswordCracking #Hashing #Salting #InfoSec #CyberAttack #StaySecure
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A Rainbow Table Attack is a fast and sneaky way to crack passwords by using precomputed tables of hash values and their matching plain-text passwords.
💡 Unlike brute-force attacks (which try every combo one by one), rainbow tables match the hash directly using a huge database of known values.
🔁 Why It Works:
Hash functions are one-way by design — but if you don’t add extra protection (like salting), attackers can reverse them using these tables.
Basically:
👉 You hash a password → attacker finds that hash in their rainbow table → password cracked instantly! ⚠️
🧂 How to Stay Safe:
✅ Always salt your passwords — add random data before hashing.
✅ Use strong hashing algorithms like bcrypt, scrypt, or Argon2.
✅ Never store plain hashes without extra protection.
#CyberSecurity #RainbowTable #PasswordCracking #Hashing #Salting #InfoSec #CyberAttack #StaySecure
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📚 OS Concepts — What is a Context Switch? 🧵
Ever wonder how your system runs multiple apps at once on one CPU core? The magic is in context switching!
🔁 Context Switch = Save + Swap Process State
🧠 The CPU saves the current process state
📦 Loads another process's state
🚀 Starts running the new process like nothing changed!
🕒 Happens when:
Time slice ends (preemptive multitasking)
Process blocks (waiting for I/O)
OS handles system call
Switching between threads or users
📌 What’s saved?
CPU registers
Stack pointer
Program counter
Memory mapping info
🔐 Stored in the Process Control Block (PCB)
⚠️ Costly Operation
💸 Takes time & resources
📉 Too many = performance drop
✅ Tip: Efficient schedulers reduce unnecessary switches!
#OS #ContextSwitch #Multitasking #Scheduling #ComputerScience
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Ever wonder how your system runs multiple apps at once on one CPU core? The magic is in context switching!
🔁 Context Switch = Save + Swap Process State
🧠 The CPU saves the current process state
📦 Loads another process's state
🚀 Starts running the new process like nothing changed!
🕒 Happens when:
Time slice ends (preemptive multitasking)
Process blocks (waiting for I/O)
OS handles system call
Switching between threads or users
📌 What’s saved?
CPU registers
Stack pointer
Program counter
Memory mapping info
🔐 Stored in the Process Control Block (PCB)
⚠️ Costly Operation
💸 Takes time & resources
📉 Too many = performance drop
✅ Tip: Efficient schedulers reduce unnecessary switches!
#OS #ContextSwitch #Multitasking #Scheduling #ComputerScience
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📚 OS Concepts — How Are System Calls Secure? 🧵
Apps talk to the kernel using system calls — but how does the OS stop them from breaking things? Let’s see 🔒
🔹 1. Trap = Safe Doorbell
🔔 User apps can’t run kernel code directly — they trigger a trap (e.g., int 0x80) to switch modes.
🔹 2. Syscall Table Lookup
📋 Each syscall has a number (like read = 0, write = 1)
🔍 The kernel uses this to safely run a registered handler — no custom functions allowed.
🔹 3. Secure Input Handling
🛡 Kernel checks:
Are pointers valid?
Are arguments safe?
Can this memory be read/written?
No check = no execution.
🔹 4. Safe Copy Functions
🚫 Kernel never touches user memory directly!
✅ Uses:
copy_from_user()
get_user() / put_user()
🔹 5. Return to User Mode
Once done, the OS switches the CPU back to user mode — kernel stays protected.
📌 TL;DR: System calls are like guarded gates. The kernel:
Controls entry
Validates everything
Exits cleanly
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Apps talk to the kernel using system calls — but how does the OS stop them from breaking things? Let’s see 🔒
🔹 1. Trap = Safe Doorbell
🔔 User apps can’t run kernel code directly — they trigger a trap (e.g., int 0x80) to switch modes.
🔹 2. Syscall Table Lookup
📋 Each syscall has a number (like read = 0, write = 1)
🔍 The kernel uses this to safely run a registered handler — no custom functions allowed.
🔹 3. Secure Input Handling
🛡 Kernel checks:
Are pointers valid?
Are arguments safe?
Can this memory be read/written?
No check = no execution.
🔹 4. Safe Copy Functions
🚫 Kernel never touches user memory directly!
✅ Uses:
copy_from_user()
get_user() / put_user()
🔹 5. Return to User Mode
Once done, the OS switches the CPU back to user mode — kernel stays protected.
📌 TL;DR: System calls are like guarded gates. The kernel:
Controls entry
Validates everything
Exits cleanly
#OS #Syscall #Security #KernelMode #Trap #SystemCalls
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📚 OS Concepts — Producer-Consumer Problem 🧵
Let’s break down this classic synchronization problem with a tasty example 🍔👇
🔸 Scenario:
A chef (producer) makes burgers 🍔
A customer (consumer) eats them
They share a tray (buffer) with limited space (e.g., 5 slots)
🔸 The Problem:
Chef shouldn't add burgers if the tray is full
Customer shouldn't take burgers if the tray is empty
They shouldn't touch the tray at the same time
🔸 The Solution:
Use semaphores + mutex
empty: Blocks producer if tray is full
full: Blocks consumer if tray is empty
mutex: Stops race conditions on the tray
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Let’s break down this classic synchronization problem with a tasty example 🍔👇
🔸 Scenario:
A chef (producer) makes burgers 🍔
A customer (consumer) eats them
They share a tray (buffer) with limited space (e.g., 5 slots)
🔸 The Problem:
Chef shouldn't add burgers if the tray is full
Customer shouldn't take burgers if the tray is empty
They shouldn't touch the tray at the same time
🔸 The Solution:
Use semaphores + mutex
empty: Blocks producer if tray is full
full: Blocks consumer if tray is empty
mutex: Stops race conditions on the tray
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🔔The Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) is a metric used in machine learning to evaluate the quality of binary classification. It's considered a robust measure, particularly for imbalanced datasets, as it takes into account true and false positives and negatives. MCC values range from -1 to +1, where +1 indicates a perfect prediction, 0 indicates no better than random guessing, and -1 indicates total disagreement.
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🎤The Softmax activation function is a mathematical function that transforms a vector of raw model outputs, known as logits, into a probability distribution. In simpler terms, it takes a set of numbers and converts them into probabilities that sum up to 1.
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📌 Understanding the Sticky Bit in Linux/Unix 🧠💻
The Sticky Bit is a special permission used on directories to control file deletion. When set, only the file owner, directory owner, or root can delete or rename files inside that directory — even if others have write access.
🔐 Why It Matters:
In shared directories (like /tmp), users need to create files — but you don’t want anyone deleting someone else’s stuff. That’s where the Sticky Bit comes in!
🧪 Example:
Let's say you have a shared folder /shared:
# Everyone can read/write/execute
Without sticky bit:
➡️ Any user can delete anyone else's files 😬
Now set the sticky bit:
Check permissions:
You’ll see something like:
🔸 The t at the end means sticky bit is active.
✅ Key Takeaway:
Use the sticky bit to protect files in public directories where multiple users need access, but file ownership should be respected.
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The Sticky Bit is a special permission used on directories to control file deletion. When set, only the file owner, directory owner, or root can delete or rename files inside that directory — even if others have write access.
🔐 Why It Matters:
In shared directories (like /tmp), users need to create files — but you don’t want anyone deleting someone else’s stuff. That’s where the Sticky Bit comes in!
🧪 Example:
Let's say you have a shared folder /shared:
sudo mkdir /shared
sudo chmod 777 /shared
# Everyone can read/write/execute
Without sticky bit:
➡️ Any user can delete anyone else's files 😬
Now set the sticky bit:
sudo chmod +t /shared
Check permissions:
ls -ld /shared
You’ll see something like:
drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 4096 Jun 6 10:00 /shared
🔸 The t at the end means sticky bit is active.
✅ Key Takeaway:
Use the sticky bit to protect files in public directories where multiple users need access, but file ownership should be respected.
#LinuxTips #StickyBit #Permissions #Unix #SysAdmin #CyberSecurity #InfoSec #FileSecurity #LinuxBasics
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🧊A firewall DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) is a separate, isolated network segment designed to protect an organization's internal network from external threats. It acts as a buffer zone between the internal network and the untrusted internet, allowing public access to specific services while keeping sensitive data and resources secure.
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📚 OS Concepts — Why Timer Interrupts Matter ⏰🧵
Let’s talk about one of the most powerful tools the OS has — timer interrupts!
🔹 What is a Timer Interrupt?
⏱️ A signal from hardware to the CPU at regular intervals
💥 It interrupts the running process to let the OS take over
🔹 Why is it Important?
✅ 1. Preemptive Scheduling
🔁 Timer says: “Time’s up!” → OS switches to the next process
✅ 2. Time Tracking
⏳ Helps with sleep(), delays, and CPU usage accounting
✅ 3. System Maintenance
🔄 OS runs background tasks like cleaning memory, updating clocks
✅ 4. Crash Protection
🧯 Stops buggy apps from hanging the entire system
📌 Without timer interrupts, multitasking would be impossible!
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#OS #TimerInterrupt #Scheduling #Multitasking #ComputerScience
Let’s talk about one of the most powerful tools the OS has — timer interrupts!
🔹 What is a Timer Interrupt?
⏱️ A signal from hardware to the CPU at regular intervals
💥 It interrupts the running process to let the OS take over
🔹 Why is it Important?
✅ 1. Preemptive Scheduling
🔁 Timer says: “Time’s up!” → OS switches to the next process
✅ 2. Time Tracking
⏳ Helps with sleep(), delays, and CPU usage accounting
✅ 3. System Maintenance
🔄 OS runs background tasks like cleaning memory, updating clocks
✅ 4. Crash Protection
🧯 Stops buggy apps from hanging the entire system
📌 Without timer interrupts, multitasking would be impossible!
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#OS #TimerInterrupt #Scheduling #Multitasking #ComputerScience
یکسال اشتراک رایگان هوش مصنوعی Perplexity به ارزش 200 دلار
🔹 نیازمندیها: گوشی سامسونگ گلکسی + VPN با آیپی آمریکا
مراحل انجام کار:
💀. سیمکارتتو از تنظیمات غیرفعال کن یا کامل درش بیار
💀. حالت هواپیما رو روشن کن (اختیاریه)
💀. کش و دیتای برنامهی Galaxy Store رو پاک کن
💀. یه vpn با آی پی آمریکا نصب کن
💀. گوشی رو ریستارت کن
💀. وارد اپ VPN شو، به ی آی پی آمریکا متصل شو
💀. این لینک رو باز کن:
💀. برنامهی Perplexity رو نصب کن
💀. موقع ورود، بهتره با یه ایمیل جدید وارد بشی (جیمیل یا آوتلوک پیشنهاد میشه)
💀💀. بعد از ورود، باید نسخهی Perplexity Pro برات فعال شده باشه
💀💀. اگه فعال نشد، برنامه رو پاک کن، دوباره کش و دیتای Galaxy Store رو پاک کن، آیپی رو تو VPN عوض کن و از اول تست کن
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🔹 نیازمندیها: گوشی سامسونگ گلکسی + VPN با آیپی آمریکا
مراحل انجام کار:
💀. سیمکارتتو از تنظیمات غیرفعال کن یا کامل درش بیار
💀. حالت هواپیما رو روشن کن (اختیاریه)
💀. کش و دیتای برنامهی Galaxy Store رو پاک کن
💀. یه vpn با آی پی آمریکا نصب کن
💀. گوشی رو ریستارت کن
💀. وارد اپ VPN شو، به ی آی پی آمریکا متصل شو
💀. این لینک رو باز کن:
https://apps.samsung.com/appquery/appDetail.as?appId=ai.perplexity.app.android
💀. برنامهی Perplexity رو نصب کن
💀. موقع ورود، بهتره با یه ایمیل جدید وارد بشی (جیمیل یا آوتلوک پیشنهاد میشه)
💀💀. بعد از ورود، باید نسخهی Perplexity Pro برات فعال شده باشه
💀💀. اگه فعال نشد، برنامه رو پاک کن، دوباره کش و دیتای Galaxy Store رو پاک کن، آیپی رو تو VPN عوض کن و از اول تست کن
درضمن بعد از ثبت نام میتونید با همون اکانت برای پلتفرم های دیگه مثل آیفون یا ... استفاده کنید
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Samsung
Perplexity - Ask Anything
Cut through the clutter and get straight to credible, up-to-date answers. This free app syncs across devices and leverages the power of AI like OpenAI's GPT-4 and Anthropic's Claude 2. Your smarter...
👍2👎1
A trampoline in inline hooking is a small piece of code that helps preserve and continue the original function’s execution after the hook has intercepted it.
🪜 Trampoline = Restore and Continue
A trampoline does two things:
🔶Recreates the original bytes (that were overwritten by the hook)
🔶Jumps back to the rest of the original function (after the overwritten area)
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🪜 Trampoline = Restore and Continue
A trampoline does two things:
🔶Recreates the original bytes (that were overwritten by the hook)
🔶Jumps back to the rest of the original function (after the overwritten area)
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✅ Telegram-Style Educational Post
📚 OS Concepts — What is Pooling? 🔁🧵
Pooling is one of the best performance tricks used in OS & systems. Let’s break it down!
🔹 What is Pooling?
It’s the idea of reusing a fixed set of resources instead of creating new ones every time.
🔧 Common Examples:
Thread Pool → Reuse threads instead of making new ones
Connection Pool → Share open DB connections across users
Memory Pool → Pre-allocate memory blocks for reuse
Buffer Pool → Speed up disk & file I/O
🧠 Why Pool?
✅ Faster than creating/destroying resources
✅ Saves memory and CPU
✅ Prevents system overload during high traffic
📌 Think of it like a shared bike station: You grab a bike, use it, and return it — instead of buying a new one each time.
#OS #ThreadPool #ConnectionPool #MemoryManagement #Performance #InfoSecTube
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📚 OS Concepts — What is Pooling? 🔁🧵
Pooling is one of the best performance tricks used in OS & systems. Let’s break it down!
🔹 What is Pooling?
It’s the idea of reusing a fixed set of resources instead of creating new ones every time.
🔧 Common Examples:
Thread Pool → Reuse threads instead of making new ones
Connection Pool → Share open DB connections across users
Memory Pool → Pre-allocate memory blocks for reuse
Buffer Pool → Speed up disk & file I/O
🧠 Why Pool?
✅ Faster than creating/destroying resources
✅ Saves memory and CPU
✅ Prevents system overload during high traffic
📌 Think of it like a shared bike station: You grab a bike, use it, and return it — instead of buying a new one each time.
#OS #ThreadPool #ConnectionPool #MemoryManagement #Performance #InfoSecTube
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💉A code property graph of a program is a graph representation of the program obtained by merging its abstract syntax trees (AST), control-flow graphs (CFG) and program dependence graphs (PDG) at statement and predicate nodes.
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🎯Top-K pooling is a technique used in various deep learning applications, particularly in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and image processing, to select and retain the top 'k' most important elements from a set, while discarding the rest. It's a way to condense information and focus on the most relevant features.
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🔶SSL stripping, also known as TLS stripping, is a type of man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack that forces a secure HTTPS connection to downgrade to an insecure HTTP connection. This allows attackers to intercept and potentially manipulate data sent between a user and a website, even though the user believes they are on a secure connection.
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🧾 1. What Is PEM (Privacy-Enhanced Mail)?
Originally, PEM was a set of IETF standards (from the 1990s) designed to provide:
📧 Confidentiality (encryption of emails)
✅ Authentication (sender verification)
🔐 Integrity (tamper protection)
📜 Key management (using public-key infrastructure)
However, as a secure email standard, PEM was never widely adopted, and modern secure email uses standards like PGP and S/MIME instead.
📂 2. What Is PEM Today? (File Format)
In practice, PEM is now best known for its file format used to store:
SSL/TLS certificates (X.509)
Private keys
Certificate signing requests (CSRs)
Public keys
These files are Base64-encoded with headers and footers like:
PEM file extensions: .pem, .crt, .cer, .key, .csr (often interchangeable, depending on content)
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Originally, PEM was a set of IETF standards (from the 1990s) designed to provide:
📧 Confidentiality (encryption of emails)
✅ Authentication (sender verification)
🔐 Integrity (tamper protection)
📜 Key management (using public-key infrastructure)
However, as a secure email standard, PEM was never widely adopted, and modern secure email uses standards like PGP and S/MIME instead.
📂 2. What Is PEM Today? (File Format)
In practice, PEM is now best known for its file format used to store:
SSL/TLS certificates (X.509)
Private keys
Certificate signing requests (CSRs)
Public keys
These files are Base64-encoded with headers and footers like:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
[Base64 encoded data]
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
PEM file extensions: .pem, .crt, .cer, .key, .csr (often interchangeable, depending on content)
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📚 OS & Hardware — What is DMA (Direct Memory Access)? ⚙️🧵
Let’s explore how computers move data super efficiently without burdening the CPU!
🔹 DMA = Direct Memory Access
🧠 It lets devices talk directly to RAM, skipping the CPU
💥 Makes data transfer much faster & more efficient
🔧 Without DMA:
CPU handles every byte of data → slow + distracting
🔧 With DMA:
CPU gives the job to the DMA controller, then goes back to work.
Once done → DMA sends an interrupt
📦 Used In:
File transfers 📂
Network packets 🌐
GPU / sound systems 🎮
Embedded devices 📷
🍔 Analogy:
DMA = Assistant who moves stuff so the chef (CPU) can focus on cooking!
#OS #DMA #Memory #Interrupts #HardwareAcceleration #InfoSecTube
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Let’s explore how computers move data super efficiently without burdening the CPU!
🔹 DMA = Direct Memory Access
🧠 It lets devices talk directly to RAM, skipping the CPU
💥 Makes data transfer much faster & more efficient
🔧 Without DMA:
CPU handles every byte of data → slow + distracting
🔧 With DMA:
CPU gives the job to the DMA controller, then goes back to work.
Once done → DMA sends an interrupt
📦 Used In:
File transfers 📂
Network packets 🌐
GPU / sound systems 🎮
Embedded devices 📷
🍔 Analogy:
DMA = Assistant who moves stuff so the chef (CPU) can focus on cooking!
#OS #DMA #Memory #Interrupts #HardwareAcceleration #InfoSecTube
🎯@InfoSecTube
📌YouTube channel
🎁Boost Us