Useful Spelling Rules – Part II --- 11
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🌼‘se’ and ‘ce’; ‘sy’ and ‘cy’
When two words, verb and noun, are spelt alike, ‘se’ and ‘sy’ are verb endings; ‘ce’ and ‘cy’ are noun endings. The following are therefore verbs: license, practise, prophesy, advise.
The following are nouns: licence, practice, prophecy, advice
Promise is an exception to this rule. It is a noun.
This rule does not hold good when verb and noun are not spelt alike, so ‘suspense’ and ‘hypocrisy’ are nouns.

🌼The final ‘e’

🎈1. When followed by ‘ment’
Till recently the final ‘e’ was dropped from words ending in ‘dge’. Example: judgment
Nowadays, it is not necessary to drop the final ‘e’ before ‘ment’. So you can write ‘judgement’, ‘acknowledgement’, ‘arrangement’ and ‘advertisement’.
(See The Concise Oxford Dictionary)

🎈2. The final ‘e’ must be dropped before ‘able’.
Move; movable (NOT moveable)
Like; likable (NOT likeable)
The exceptions are words ending in ‘ge’ and ‘ce’. For instance
Change; changeable (NOT changable)
Peace; peaceable (NOT peacable)

🎈3. The final ‘e’ is also dropped before ‘ous’, ‘age’ or ‘ish’.
Virtue; virtuous
Mile; milage (occasionally still: mileage)
Blue; bluish
Courage is an exception to this rule. We write courageous and not couragous.

🎈4. The final ‘e’ is always dropped before ‘ing’ except when it is preceded by a vowel with which it forms one sound.
Love; loving
Like; liking
See; seeing (Here the final ‘e’ and the preceding vowel forms one sound.)
Dye; Dyeing (Here the final ‘e’ and the preceding y forms one sound.)

🌼Words ending in ‘c’ and ‘ck’
Words ending in ‘c’ take ‘k’ after the ‘c’ before adding ‘ed’or ‘ing’.
Examples:
Frolic - frolicked, frolicking
Mimic - mimicked,mimicking
picnic - picnicked, picnicking
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SV RAMANUJ

Spelling : capital letters --- 12
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👉🏻 Capital letters are used at the beginning of the following kinds of words.

🌺1. the names of days, months and public holidays. The names of seasons do not usually begin with capital letters.
🔹Sunday; Monday; Friday
🔹January; March, August
🔹Christmas; Easter;
🔹summer; autumn; winter; spring

🌺2. the names of people and places, including stars and planets
🔹Shailesh; Alka; Tina
🔹India; Tokyo; Paris; Singapore
🔹Jupiter; Mars; Neptune
(But the earth, the sun and the moon)

🌺3. people’s titles
🔹Mr Shah; Dr Dave; the Chairman; the Managing Director

🌺4. nouns and adjectives referring to nationalities and regions, languages, religions and ethnic groups
🔹He is French.
🔹She is Spanish.
🔹He is a Sikh.
🔹Chinese history

🌺5. the first word in the title of books, magazines, plays, pictures, magazines etc. Sometimes other nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs in the title also begin with capital letters.
🔹The Adventures of Tom Sawyer or The adventures of Tom Sawyer
🔹Gone with the Wind OR Gone with the wind

🌼 Spelling :-ly
We normally change an adjective into an adverb by adding -ly.
🔹Late – lately
🔹Real – really
🔹Right – rightly
🔹Definite – definitely
🔹Hopeful – hopefully
🔹Complete – completely

🌸 Exceptions
There are some exceptions to this rule.
🔹True – truly (NOT truely)
🔹Full – fully (NOT fullly)
🔹Due – duly (NOT duely)

🌼 Y and I
The final -y in an adjective changes to -i- before adding -ly.
🔹Happy – happily
🔹Merry – merrily
🔹Easy – easily

🌼 Adjectives ending in consonant + le
-le changes to -ly after a consonant
🔹Idle – idly
🔹Noble – nobly

🌼 Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in -ic, have adverbs ending in -ically.
🔹Tragic – tragically
🔹Phonetic – phonetically

🌸 Exception
🔹Public – publicly
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SV RAMANUJ

Spelling and Pronunciation --- 14
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👉🏻 Words ending in -ize and -ise
In British English some words can be spelt with either -ize or -ise. In American English, the forms with -ize is more common.
Examples are given below:

🔵 British English
Realize / realise
Computerize / computerise
Mechanize / mechanise
Baptize / baptise

🟣 American English
Realize
Mechanize
Computerize
Baptize

🔶Most words of two or more syllables have -ise in both British and American English.
Examples are:
Surprise, revise, exercise, advise, comprise, despise, compromise, improvise, supervise, televise, advertise
Notes:

🔶In American English, advertize is also possible.
If in doubt, remember that -ise is almost always correct in British English.

🔶 Spelling and pronunciation
In English, spelling words is not easy. In fact, even native English speakers often find it difficult to spell words correctly. This is mainly because the pronunciation of many English words has changed over
the last few hundred years. The spelling system, on the other hand, has stayed more or less the same. Here is a list of some common words that often cause difficulty.

🟩 In the following words the letters in brackets are not pronounced.
Ev(e)ning
Asp(i)rin
Bus(i)ness
Choc(o)late
Diff(e)rent
Ev(e)ry
Marri(a)ge
Om(e)lette
Rest(au)rant
Sev(e)ral
Med(i)cine

🟨 The following four syllable words are usually pronounced like three syllable words. The letters in brackets are usually not pronounced.
Comf(or)table
Int(e)resting
Temp(e)rature
Us(u)ally
Veg(e)table

🔇 Silent letters
In the following words b is silent.
Climb, comb, dumb

🔻In the following words d is silent.
Handkerchief, sandwich, Wednesday

🔻The gh is silent in the following words.
Bought, caught, ought, thought, daughter, height, high, light, might, neighbour, right, sight, tight, straight, through, weigh

🔻In the following words h is silent
What, when, whip, why, honest, hour, honour
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SV RAMANUJ

Words ending in -ise and -ize --- 15
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👉🏻 Many English words can be spelt with either –ise and –ize. In American English, the spelling with –ize is preferred. In British English, both forms are usually possible.

🌺 Examples are:

🟡 British English
🔹Realize / realise
🔹Mechanize / mechanise
🔹Computerize / computerise
🔹Baptize / baptise

🟤 American English
🔸Realize
🔸Mechanize
🔸Computerize
🔸Baptize

🎈Some words have –ise in both British and American English. Examples are:
🔹surprise; revise; advise; comprise; despise; compromise; exercise; supervise; televise; advertise

In American English advertize is also sometimes possible.

🌸 Exception
🔸Capsize has –ize in both British and American English.

🔮 If you are in doubt, remember that in British English the forms with –ise are almost always possible.

🎈Adverb formation
We normally change an adjective into an adverb by adding –ly.
🔹Pale – palely
🔹Right – rightly
🔹Shy – shyly
🔹Sly – slyly
🔹Coy – coyly
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SV RAMANUJ