Question 13 (Intermediate):
In NumPy, what is the difference between np.array([1, 2, 3]) and np.array([[1, 2, 3]])?

A) The first is a 1D array, the second is a 2D row vector
B) The first is faster to compute
C) The second automatically transposes the data
D) They are identical in memory usage

#Python #NumPy #Arrays #DataScience

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

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Question 1 (Advanced):
When using Python's multiprocessing module, why is if __name__ == '__main__': required for Windows but often optional for Linux/macOS?

A) Windows lacks proper fork() implementation
B) Linux handles memory management differently
C) macOS has better garbage collection
D) Windows requires explicit process naming

#Python #Multiprocessing #ParallelComputing #Advanced

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

Question 2 (Expert):
In Python's GIL (Global Interpreter Lock), what is the primary reason it allows only one thread to execute Python bytecode at a time, even on multi-core systems?

A) To prevent race conditions in memory management
B) To simplify the CPython implementation
C) To reduce power consumption
D) To improve single-thread performance

#Python #GIL #Concurrency #CPython

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

Question 3 (Intermediate):
In Tkinter, what is the correct way to make a widget expand to fill available space in its parent container?

A) widget.pack(expand=True)
B) widget.grid(sticky='nsew')
C) widget.place(relwidth=1.0)
D) All of the above

#Python #Tkinter #GUI #Widgets

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

Question 4 (Intermediate):
In scikit-learn's KMeans implementation, what is the purpose of the n_init parameter?

A) Number of initial centroid configurations to try
B) Number of iterations for each run
C) Number of features to initialize
D) Number of CPU cores to use

#Python #KMeans #Clustering #MachineLearning

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

Question 20 (Beginner):
What is the output of this Python code?

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = x
y.append(4)
print(x)

A) [1, 2, 3]
B) [1, 2, 3, 4]
C) [4, 3, 2, 1]
D) Raises an error

#Python #Lists #Variables #Beginner

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

✅ **Correct answer: B) `[1, 2, 3, 4]`**

*Explanation:
- `y = x` creates a reference to the same list object
- Modifying `y` affects `x` because they point to the same memory location
- To create an independent copy, use y = x.copy() or y = list(x)*

Question 21 (Beginner):
What is the correct way to check the Python version installed on your system using the command line?

A) python --version
B) python -v
C) python --v
D) python version

#Python #Basics #Programming #Beginner

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

Question 22 (Interview-Level):
Explain the difference between deepcopy and regular assignment (=) in Python with a practical example. Then modify the example to show how deepcopy solves the problem.

import copy

# Original Problem
original = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
shallow_copy = original.copy()
shallow_copy[0][0] = 99
print(original)  # What happens here?

# Solution with deepcopy
deep_copied = copy.deepcopy(original)
deep_copied[1][0] = 77
print(original)  # What happens now?

Options:
A) Both modify the original list
B) copy() creates fully independent copies
C) Shallow copy affects nested objects, deepcopy doesn't
D) deepcopy is slower but creates true copies

#Python #Interview #DeepCopy #MemoryManagement

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

Question 23 (Advanced):
How does Python's "Name Mangling" (double underscore prefix) work in class attribute names, and what's its practical purpose?

class Test:
    def __init__(self):
        self.public = 10
        self._protected = 20
        self.__private = 30  # Name mangling

obj = Test()
print(dir(obj))  # What happens to __private?

Options:
A) Completely hides the attribute
B) Renames it to _Test__private
C) Makes it immutable
D) Converts it to a method

#Python #OOP #NameMangling #Advanced

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

Question 24 (Advanced - NSFW Detection):
When implementing NSFW (Not Safe For Work) content detection in Python, which of these approaches provides the best balance between accuracy and performance?

A) Rule-based keyword filtering
B) CNN-based image classification (e.g., MobileNetV2)
C) Transformer-based multimodal analysis (e.g., CLIP)
D) Metadata analysis (EXIF data, file properties)

#Python #NSFW #ComputerVision #DeepLearning

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

✅ Correct answer: A) `python --version`

*Additional Info:*
- On some systems, you might need to use python3 --version
- To see more details, you can use python -VV (capital V twice)
- This works on Windows, macOS, and Linux

$ python --version
Python 3.9.7  # Example output

*Note: The other options will either show an error or unexpected output*

✅ Correct answer: C) Shallow copy affects nested objects, deepcopy doesn't

*Expected Output:*

[[99, 2], [3, 4]]  # Shallow copy modified nested list in original
[[99, 2], [3, 4]]  # Original remains unchanged after deepcopy modification

*Key Points for Interview Discussion:*
1. Shallow copy (copy()) only copies references to nested objects
2. deepcopy recursively copies all nested objects
3. Critical when working with:
- Nested lists/dictionaries
- Custom objects with mutable attributes
4. Trade-off: deepcopy has higher memory/time overhead

✅ Correct answer: B) Renames it to `_Test__private`

*Key Insights:*
1. Syntax: __name becomes _ClassName__name
2. Purpose: Prevents accidental override in inheritance
3. NOT true privacy: Can still be accessed via mangled name
4. Common Use: Framework development to avoid naming collisions

*Example Output:*

['_Test__private', '_protected', 'public', ...]  # Notice the mangled name

*Interview Tip:*
- Contrast with single underscore _var (convention only)
- Explain why this isn't used for real security/encryption

✅ Correct answer: B) CNN-based image classification (e.g., MobileNetV2)

# Sample implementation using TensorFlow/Keras
from tensorflow.keras.applications import MobileNetV2
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing import image
from tensorflow.keras.applications.mobilenet_v2 import preprocess_input
import numpy as np

# Load pre-trained NSFW detection model (conceptual example)
model = MobileNetV2(weights='imagenet')  # In practice, use NSFW-specific weights

def is_nsfw(img_path):
    img = image.load_img(img_path, target_size=(224, 224))
    x = image.img_to_array(img)
    x = preprocess_input(x)
    preds = model.predict(np.expand_dims(x, axis=0))
    return preds[0][0] > 0.5  # Threshold for NSFW class

### Key Considerations:
1. CNNs (B) offer best speed/accuracy tradeoff (5-50ms inference)
2. Transformers (C) are more accurate but slower (300ms+)
3. Rule-based (A) fails for visual content
4. Metadata (D) can be easily spoofed

### Production Tips:
- Use quantization for mobile deployment
- Combine with hash-based filtering for known content
- Consider ethical implications of false positives/negatives

Question 25 (Advanced - CNN Implementation in Keras):
When building a CNN for image classification in Keras, what is the purpose of Global Average Pooling 2D as the final layer before classification?

A) Reduces spatial dimensions to 1x1 while preserving channel depth
B) Increases receptive field for better feature extraction
C) Performs pixel-wise normalization
D) Adds non-linearity before dense layers

#Python #Keras #CNN #DeepLearning

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

Question 26 (Intermediate - Edge Detection):
In Python's OpenCV, which of these edge detection techniques preserves edge directionality while reducing noise?

A) cv2.Laplacian()
B) cv2.Canny()
C) cv2.Sobel() with dx=1, dy=1
D) cv2.blur() + thresholding

#Python #OpenCV #EdgeDetection #ComputerVision

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

Question 27 (Intermediate - List Operations):
What is the time complexity of the list.insert(0, item) operation in Python, and why?

A) O(1) - Constant time (like appending)
B) O(n) - Linear time (shifts all elements)
C) O(log n) - Logarithmic time (binary search)
D) O(n²) - Quadratic time (worst-case)

#Python #DataStructures #TimeComplexity #Lists

✅ By: https://t.iss.one/DataScienceQ

✅ Correct answer: A) Reduces spatial dimensions to 1x1 while preserving channel depth

from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Conv2D, GlobalAveragePooling2D, Dense

model = Sequential([
    Conv2D(32, (3,3), activation='relu', input_shape=(64,64,3)),
    # ... more conv layers ...
    GlobalAveragePooling2D(),  # Reduces HxW to 1x1
    Dense(10, activation='softmax')  # Classification layer
])

### Key Advantages:
1. Parameter Efficiency: Eliminates need for flattening + dense layers
2. Translation Invariance: Summarizes spatial information
3. Regularization Effect: Reduces overfitting vs. dense layers

### Comparison:
- Without GAP: Flatten() → Dense(256) → Dense(10) (200K+ params)
- With GAP: Direct to Dense(10) (~500 params)

*Common Use Cases:*
- Lightweight mobile models (MobileNet)
- Feature extraction for transfer learning

✅ Correct answer: C) `cv2.Sobel()` with dx=1, dy=1

import cv2
import numpy as np

img = cv2.imread('image.jpg', cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)

# Sobel with directional gradients
sobel_x = cv2.Sobel(img, cv2.CV_64F, 1, 0, ksize=5)  # Horizontal edges
sobel_y = cv2.Sobel(img, cv2.CV_64F, 0, 1, ksize=5)  # Vertical edges
combined = np.sqrt(sobel_x**2 + sobel_y**2)  # Magnitude preserves direction

### Key Characteristics:
1. Sobel:
- Outputs gradient magnitude and direction (via dx/dy)
- Kernel size (ksize) controls sensitivity
- Use cv2.CV_64F to handle negative gradients

2. Alternatives:
- Laplacian: No directionality (2nd derivative)
- Canny: Directional but non-linear (hysteresis thresholding)
- blur: Loses edges

### Practical Tip:

# Visualize edge directions
angles = np.arctan2(sobel_y, sobel_x)  # -π to π radians
hsv = np.zeros((*img.shape, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
hsv[..., 0] = (angles + np.pi) * 90/np.pi  # Hue = direction
hsv[..., 2] = cv2.normalize(combined, None, 0, 255, cv2.NORM_MINMAX)  # Value = magnitude
direction_map = cv2.cvtColor(hsv, cv2.COLOR_HSV2BGR)