class Animal:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name

def speak(self):
return "Some sound"
class Dog(Animal):
def init(self, name, breed):
super().init(name)
self.breed = breed

def speak(self):
return f"{self.name} says Woof!"
class Cat(Animal):
def init(self, name, color):
super().init(name)
self.color = color

def speak(self):
return f"{self.name} says Meow!"
# Create objects from Dog and Cat classes dog = Dog('Buddy', 'Golden Retriever')
cat = Cat('Whiskers', 'Gray')

# Calling speak methods print(dog.speak()) # خروجی: Buddy says Woof!
print(cat.speak()) # خروجی: Whiskers says Meow!

class MathOperations:
@staticmethod
def add(a, b):
return a + b


@staticmethod
def multiply(a, b):
return a * b

# Calling static methods without needing to create an instance of the class

result_add = MathOperations.add(5, 3)
result_multiply = MathOperations.multiply(4, 7)


print(f"Addition: {result_add}")
# Output: Addition: 8
print(f"Multiplication: {result_multiply}")
# Output: Multiplication: 28

class Person:
    population = 0

    def init(self, name):
        self.name = name
        Person.population += 1

    @classmethod
    def from_birth_year(cls, name, birth_year):
        age = 2024 - birth_year
        instance = cls(name)
        instance.age = age
        return instance

    @classmethod
    def get_population(cls):
        return cls.population

# Create objects using the default constructor
person1 = Person('Alice')
# Create an object using the alternative constructor
person2 = Person.from_birth_year('Bob', 1990)

# Display information
print(f"Name: {person1.name}")
print(f"Name: {person2.name}, Age: {person2.age}")

# Display population count
print(f"Population: {Person.get_population()}")

Name: Alice
Name: Bob, Age: 34
Population: 2

# Define two identical lists
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]

# Define another list that refers to the first list
list3 = list1

# Comparison using 'is'
print(list1 is list2) # Output: False
print(list1 is list3) # Output: True

# Comparison using '=='
print(list1 == list2) # Output: True
print(list1 == list3) # Output: True