❔ Question from the interview

What is a message broker and which ones are typically used with Python?

Answer: A message broker is an intermediary component that accepts messages from one service and delivers them to another, allowing microservices and asynchronous tasks to interact without direct connection. It ensures reliable delivery, queues, routing, and scalability.

In Python projects, RabbitMQ, Apache Kafka, and Redis are often used as simple broker solutions (for example, in combination with Celery). The choice depends on the tasks: Kafka for stream processing, RabbitMQ for flexible routing, and Redis for simple queues.

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❔ Interview question

What is an S3 storage and what is it used for?

Answer: S3 (Simple Storage Service) is a cloud-based object storage service designed for storing any type of files, from images and backups to static websites.

It is scalable, reliable, and provides access to files via URLs. Unlike traditional file systems, S3 does not have a folder hierarchy — everything is stored as objects in "buckets" (containers), and access can be controlled through policies and permissions.

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❔ Question from the interview

Why don't you need to store a session when using JWT?

Answer: JWT contains all the necessary information about the user directly in the token, including the expiration date and roles. The server simply verifies the token's signature and does not store any data between requests, so a separate session storage is not required.

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What is NoneType?

NoneType — is a type to which the object None belongs, which is used to indicate an absent or undefined value. In Python, it is unique — there is only one instance of this type, that is, the None itself

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