Python Data Science Jobs & Interviews
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Your go-to hub for Python and Data Science—featuring questions, answers, quizzes, and interview tips to sharpen your skills and boost your career in the data-driven world.

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1. What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its readability and versatility. It supports multiple programming paradigms and has a large standard library.

2. What are the key features of Python?
Key features include simplicity, readability, dynamic typing, automatic memory management (garbage collection), and extensive library support.

3. What is the difference between list and tuple?
Lists are mutable (can be modified), while tuples are immutable (cannot be modified after creation). Lists use square brackets [], and tuples use parentheses ().

4. What is PEP 8?
PEP 8 is Python’s official style guide that provides conventions for writing readable code, such as indentation, naming conventions, and line length.

5. How is memory managed in Python?
Python uses automatic memory management with a private heap and a garbage collector to recycle unused memory.

6. What are Python decorators?
Decorators are functions that modify the behavior of another function without permanently changing it. They are denoted by the @ symbol.

7. Explain the difference between `==` and `is`.
== checks for value equality, while is checks if two variables refer to the same object in memory (identity).

8. What is a lambda function?
A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda keyword. It can take any number of arguments but has only one expression.

9. How do you handle exceptions in Python?
Exceptions are handled using try, except, else, and finally blocks to catch and manage errors.

10. What is a virtual environment?
A virtual environment is an isolated Python environment that allows you to manage dependencies for different projects separately.

11. What is the difference between `append()` and `extend()`?
append() adds a single element to the end of a list, while extend() adds multiple elements (from an iterable) to the list.

12. What is a generator?
A generator is a function that returns an iterator using the yield keyword. It generates values on the fly and is memory efficient.

13. What is the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)?
The GIL is a mutex that allows only one thread to execute Python bytecode at a time in CPython, limiting multi-threading performance for CPU-bound tasks.

14. How do you copy an object in Python?
Use the copy module: copy.copy() for a shallow copy and copy.deepcopy() for a deep copy.

15. What are `*args` and `**kwargs`?
*args allows a function to accept any number of positional arguments, while **kwargs allows any number of keyword arguments.

**16. What is the difference between a module and a package?**
A module is a single Python file, while a package is a directory containing multiple modules and an __init__.py file.

17. How do you reverse a list?
Use the reverse() method for in-place reversal, or the slicing syntax list[::-1] to create a reversed copy.

18. What is method overloading?
Python does not support method overloading in the traditional sense. Instead, you can use default arguments or variable-length arguments.

19. What is the use of `__init__`?
__init__ is a constructor method in Python classes that is automatically called when a new object is created.

20. How do you iterate over a dictionary?
You can iterate over keys, values, or key-value pairs using methods like keys(), values(), or items().


By: t.iss.one/DataScienceQ 🚀
21. What is the difference between a shallow copy and a deep copy?
A shallow copy creates a new object but references the same nested objects. A deep copy creates a new object and recursively copies all nested objects.

22. What are Python's built-in data types?
Common built-in types include int, float, str, list, tuple, dict, set, bool, and NoneType.

23. How do you open and read a file in Python?
Use the open() function with modes like 'r' for reading. Example: with open('file.txt', 'r') as f: content = f.read().

24. What is the purpose of `if __name__ == "__main__":`?
It checks if the script is being run directly (not imported) and allows code to execute only when the script is the main program.

25. What is a list comprehension?
A concise way to create lists. Example: [x**2 for x in range(10)] creates a list of squares.

26. What is a dictionary comprehension?
A concise way to create dictionaries. Example: {x: x**2 for x in range(5)} creates a dictionary of numbers and their squares.

27. How do you remove duplicates from a list?
Convert the list to a set and back to a list: list(set(original_list)).

28. What is the `self` keyword in a class?
self refers to the instance of the class and is used to access variables and methods associated with that instance.

29. What is the difference between `@staticmethod` and `@classmethod`?
A @staticmethod doesn't access the instance or class, while a @classmethod takes the class (cls) as its first argument.

30. What is the `zip()` function used for?
zip() combines multiple iterables into a single iterable of tuples. Example: list(zip([1, 2], ['a', 'b'])) gives [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')].

31. How do you sort a dictionary by value?
Use sorted(dict.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]) to get a sorted list of key-value pairs by value.

32. What is the `enumerate()` function?
It adds a counter to an iterable and returns it as an enumerate object. Example: list(enumerate(['a', 'b'])) gives [(0, 'a'), (1, 'b')].

33. What is the difference between `remove()`, `pop()`, and `del`?
remove() deletes the first matching value, pop() removes an item by index and returns it, and del removes an item by index or slices.

34. How do you concatenate two lists?
Use the + operator: list1 + list2, or the extend() method: list1.extend(list2).

35. What is the `pass` statement?
pass is a null operation used as a placeholder where syntax requires a statement but no action is needed.

36. What is the `any()` and `all()` functions?
any() returns True if any element in an iterable is true. all() returns True if all elements are true.

37. How do you handle missing keys in a dictionary?
Use the get() method to return a default value if the key is missing, or use defaultdict from the collections module.

38. What is the `super()` function?
super() is used to call a method from a parent class, often in inheritance scenarios.

39. What is the difference between `break` and `continue`?
break exits the nearest loop, while continue skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next one.

40. How do you convert a string to an integer?
Use the int() function. Example: int("123") returns the integer 123.


By: t.iss.one/DataScienceQ 🚀
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