mcp guide.pdf.pdf
16.7 MB
A comprehensive PDF has been compiled that includes all MCP-related posts shared over the past six months.
(75 pages, 10+ projects & visual explainers)
Over the last half year, content has been published about the Modular Computation Protocol (MCP), which has gained significant interest and engagement from the AI community. In response to this enthusiasm, all tutorials have been gathered in one place, featuring:
* The fundamentals of MCP
* Explanations with visuals and code
* 11 hands-on projects for AI engineers
Projects included:
1. Build a 100% local MCP Client
2. MCP-powered Agentic RAG
3. MCP-powered Financial Analyst
4. MCP-powered Voice Agent
5. A Unified MCP Server
6. MCP-powered Shared Memory for Claude Desktop and Cursor
7. MCP-powered RAG over Complex Docs
8. MCP-powered Synthetic Data Generator
9. MCP-powered Deep Researcher
10. MCP-powered RAG over Videos
11. MCP-powered Audio Analysis Toolkit
(75 pages, 10+ projects & visual explainers)
Over the last half year, content has been published about the Modular Computation Protocol (MCP), which has gained significant interest and engagement from the AI community. In response to this enthusiasm, all tutorials have been gathered in one place, featuring:
* The fundamentals of MCP
* Explanations with visuals and code
* 11 hands-on projects for AI engineers
Projects included:
1. Build a 100% local MCP Client
2. MCP-powered Agentic RAG
3. MCP-powered Financial Analyst
4. MCP-powered Voice Agent
5. A Unified MCP Server
6. MCP-powered Shared Memory for Claude Desktop and Cursor
7. MCP-powered RAG over Complex Docs
8. MCP-powered Synthetic Data Generator
9. MCP-powered Deep Researcher
10. MCP-powered RAG over Videos
11. MCP-powered Audio Analysis Toolkit
#MCP #ModularComputationProtocol #AIProjects #DeepLearning #ArtificialIntelligence #RAG #VoiceAI #SyntheticData #AIAgents #AIResearch #TechWriting #OpenSourceAI #AI #python
βοΈ Our Telegram channels: https://t.iss.one/addlist/0f6vfFbEMdAwODBkπ± Our WhatsApp channel: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaC7Weq29753hpcggW2A
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10 GitHub repos to build a career in AI engineering:
(100% free step-by-step roadmap)
1οΈβ£ ML for Beginners by Microsoft
A 12-week project-based curriculum that teaches classical ML using Scikit-learn on real-world datasets.
Includes quizzes, lessons, and hands-on projects, with some videos.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dCxStbYv
2οΈβ£ AI for Beginners by Microsoft
This repo covers neural networks, NLP, CV, transformers, ethics & more. There are hands-on labs in PyTorch & TensorFlow using Jupyter.
Beginner-friendly, project-based, and full of real-world apps.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dwS5Jk9E
3οΈβ£ Neural Networks: Zero to Hero
Now that youβve grasped the foundations of AI/ML, itβs time to dive deeper.
This repo by Andrej Karpathy builds modern deep learning systems from scratch, including GPTs.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dXAQWucq
4οΈβ£ DL Paper Implementations
So far, you have learned the fundamentals of AI, ML, and DL. Now study how the best architectures work.
This repo covers well-documented PyTorch implementations of 60+ research papers on Transformers, GANs, Diffusion models, etc.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dTrtDrvs
5οΈβ£ Made With ML
Now itβs time to learn how to go from notebooks to production.
Made With ML teaches you how to design, develop, deploy, and iterate on real-world ML systems using MLOps, CI/CD, and best practices.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dYyjjBGb
6οΈβ£ Hands-on LLMs
- You've built neural nets.
- You've explored GPTs and LLMs.
Now apply them. This is a visually rich repo that covers everything about LLMs, like tokenization, fine-tuning, RAG, etc.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dh2FwYFe
7οΈβ£ Advanced RAG Techniques
Hands-on LLMs will give you a good grasp of RAG systems. Now learn advanced RAG techniques.
This repo covers 30+ methods to make RAG systems faster, smarter, and accurate, like HyDE, GraphRAG, etc.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dBKxtX-D
8οΈβ£ AI Agents for Beginners by Microsoft
After diving into LLMs and mastering RAG, learn how to build AI agents.
This hands-on course covers building AI agents using frameworks like AutoGen.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dbFeuznE
9οΈβ£ Agents Towards Production
The above course will teach what AI agents are. Next, learn how to ship them.
This is a practical playbook for building agents covering memory, orchestration, deployment, security & more.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dcwmamSb
π AI Engg. Hub
To truly master LLMs, RAG, and AI agents, you need projects.
This covers 70+ real-world examples, tutorials, and agent app you can build, adapt, and ship.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/geMYm3b6
(100% free step-by-step roadmap)
A 12-week project-based curriculum that teaches classical ML using Scikit-learn on real-world datasets.
Includes quizzes, lessons, and hands-on projects, with some videos.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dCxStbYv
This repo covers neural networks, NLP, CV, transformers, ethics & more. There are hands-on labs in PyTorch & TensorFlow using Jupyter.
Beginner-friendly, project-based, and full of real-world apps.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dwS5Jk9E
Now that youβve grasped the foundations of AI/ML, itβs time to dive deeper.
This repo by Andrej Karpathy builds modern deep learning systems from scratch, including GPTs.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dXAQWucq
So far, you have learned the fundamentals of AI, ML, and DL. Now study how the best architectures work.
This repo covers well-documented PyTorch implementations of 60+ research papers on Transformers, GANs, Diffusion models, etc.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dTrtDrvs
Now itβs time to learn how to go from notebooks to production.
Made With ML teaches you how to design, develop, deploy, and iterate on real-world ML systems using MLOps, CI/CD, and best practices.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dYyjjBGb
- You've built neural nets.
- You've explored GPTs and LLMs.
Now apply them. This is a visually rich repo that covers everything about LLMs, like tokenization, fine-tuning, RAG, etc.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dh2FwYFe
Hands-on LLMs will give you a good grasp of RAG systems. Now learn advanced RAG techniques.
This repo covers 30+ methods to make RAG systems faster, smarter, and accurate, like HyDE, GraphRAG, etc.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dBKxtX-D
After diving into LLMs and mastering RAG, learn how to build AI agents.
This hands-on course covers building AI agents using frameworks like AutoGen.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dbFeuznE
The above course will teach what AI agents are. Next, learn how to ship them.
This is a practical playbook for building agents covering memory, orchestration, deployment, security & more.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/dcwmamSb
To truly master LLMs, RAG, and AI agents, you need projects.
This covers 70+ real-world examples, tutorials, and agent app you can build, adapt, and ship.
GitHub repo β https://lnkd.in/geMYm3b6
#AIEngineering #MachineLearning #DeepLearning #LLMs #RAG #MLOps #Python #GitHubProjects #AIForBeginners #ArtificialIntelligence #NeuralNetworks #OpenSourceAI #DataScienceCareers
βοΈ Our Telegram channels: https://t.iss.one/addlist/0f6vfFbEMdAwODBkπ± Our WhatsApp channel: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaC7Weq29753hpcggW2A
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Over the last year, several articles have been written to help candidates prepare for data science technical interviews. These resources cover a wide range of topics including machine learning, SQL, programming, statistics, and probability.
1οΈβ£ Machine Learning (ML) Interview
Types of ML Q&A in Data Science Interview
https://shorturl.at/syN37
ML Interview Q&A for Data Scientists
https://shorturl.at/HVWY0
Crack the ML Coding Q&A
https://shorturl.at/CDW08
Deep Learning Interview Q&A
https://shorturl.at/lHPZ6
Top LLMs Interview Q&A
https://shorturl.at/wGRSZ
Top CV Interview Q&A [Part 1]
https://rb.gy/51jcfi
Part 2
https://rb.gy/hqgkbg
Part 3
https://rb.gy/5z87be
2οΈβ£ SQL Interview Preparation
13 SQL Statements for 90% of Data Science Tasks
https://rb.gy/dkdcl1
SQL Window Functions: Simplifying Complex Queries
https://t.ly/EwSlH
Ace the SQL Questions in the Technical Interview
https://lnkd.in/gNQbYMX9
Unlocking the Power of SQL: How to Ace Top N Problem Questions
https://lnkd.in/gvxVwb9n
How To Ace the SQL Ratio Problems
https://lnkd.in/g6JQqPNA
Cracking the SQL Window Function Coding Questions
https://lnkd.in/gk5u6hnE
SQL & Database Interview Q&A
https://lnkd.in/g75DsEfw
6 Free Resources for SQL Interview Preparation
https://lnkd.in/ghhiG79Q
3οΈβ£ Programming Questions
Foundations of Data Structures [Part 1]
https://lnkd.in/gX_ZcmRq
Part 2
https://lnkd.in/gATY4rTT
Top Important Python Questions [Conceptual]
https://lnkd.in/gJKaNww5
Top Important Python Questions [Data Cleaning and Preprocessing]
https://lnkd.in/g-pZBs3A
Top Important Python Questions [Machine & Deep Learning]
https://lnkd.in/gZwcceWN
Python Interview Q&A
https://lnkd.in/gcaXc_JE
5 Python Tips for Acing DS Coding Interview
https://lnkd.in/gsj_Hddd
4οΈβ£ Statistics
Mastering 5 Statistics Concepts to Boost Success
https://lnkd.in/gxEuHiG5
Mastering Hypothesis Testing for Interviews
https://lnkd.in/gSBbbmF8
Introduction to A/B Testing
https://lnkd.in/g35Jihw6
Statistics Interview Q&A for Data Scientists
https://lnkd.in/geHCCt6Q
5οΈβ£ Probability
15 Probability Concepts to Review [Part 1]
https://lnkd.in/g2rK2tQk
Part 2
https://lnkd.in/gQhXnKwJ
Probability Interview Q&A [Conceptual Questions]
https://lnkd.in/g5jyKqsp
Probability Interview Q&A [Mathematical Questions]
https://lnkd.in/gcWvPhVj
π All links are available in the GitHub repository:
https://lnkd.in/djcgcKRT
Types of ML Q&A in Data Science Interview
https://shorturl.at/syN37
ML Interview Q&A for Data Scientists
https://shorturl.at/HVWY0
Crack the ML Coding Q&A
https://shorturl.at/CDW08
Deep Learning Interview Q&A
https://shorturl.at/lHPZ6
Top LLMs Interview Q&A
https://shorturl.at/wGRSZ
Top CV Interview Q&A [Part 1]
https://rb.gy/51jcfi
Part 2
https://rb.gy/hqgkbg
Part 3
https://rb.gy/5z87be
13 SQL Statements for 90% of Data Science Tasks
https://rb.gy/dkdcl1
SQL Window Functions: Simplifying Complex Queries
https://t.ly/EwSlH
Ace the SQL Questions in the Technical Interview
https://lnkd.in/gNQbYMX9
Unlocking the Power of SQL: How to Ace Top N Problem Questions
https://lnkd.in/gvxVwb9n
How To Ace the SQL Ratio Problems
https://lnkd.in/g6JQqPNA
Cracking the SQL Window Function Coding Questions
https://lnkd.in/gk5u6hnE
SQL & Database Interview Q&A
https://lnkd.in/g75DsEfw
6 Free Resources for SQL Interview Preparation
https://lnkd.in/ghhiG79Q
Foundations of Data Structures [Part 1]
https://lnkd.in/gX_ZcmRq
Part 2
https://lnkd.in/gATY4rTT
Top Important Python Questions [Conceptual]
https://lnkd.in/gJKaNww5
Top Important Python Questions [Data Cleaning and Preprocessing]
https://lnkd.in/g-pZBs3A
Top Important Python Questions [Machine & Deep Learning]
https://lnkd.in/gZwcceWN
Python Interview Q&A
https://lnkd.in/gcaXc_JE
5 Python Tips for Acing DS Coding Interview
https://lnkd.in/gsj_Hddd
Mastering 5 Statistics Concepts to Boost Success
https://lnkd.in/gxEuHiG5
Mastering Hypothesis Testing for Interviews
https://lnkd.in/gSBbbmF8
Introduction to A/B Testing
https://lnkd.in/g35Jihw6
Statistics Interview Q&A for Data Scientists
https://lnkd.in/geHCCt6Q
15 Probability Concepts to Review [Part 1]
https://lnkd.in/g2rK2tQk
Part 2
https://lnkd.in/gQhXnKwJ
Probability Interview Q&A [Conceptual Questions]
https://lnkd.in/g5jyKqsp
Probability Interview Q&A [Mathematical Questions]
https://lnkd.in/gcWvPhVj
https://lnkd.in/djcgcKRT
#DataScience #InterviewPrep #MachineLearning #SQL #Python #Statistics #Probability #CodingInterview #AIBootcamp #DeepLearning #LLMs #ComputerVision #GitHubResources #CareerInDataScience
βοΈ Our Telegram channels: https://t.iss.one/addlist/0f6vfFbEMdAwODBkπ± Our WhatsApp channel: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaC7Weq29753hpcggW2A
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Transformer models have proven highly effective for many NLP tasks. While scaling up with larger dimensions and more layers can increase their power, this also significantly increases computational complexity. Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture offers an elegant solution by introducing sparsity, allowing models to scale efficiently without proportional computational cost increases.
In this post, you will learn about Mixture of Experts architecture in transformer models. In particular, you will learn about:
Why MoE architecture is needed for efficient transformer scaling
How MoE works and its key components
How to implement MoE in transformer models
Letβs get started:
https://machinelearningmastery.com/mixture-of-experts-architecture-in-transformer-models/
In this post, you will learn about Mixture of Experts architecture in transformer models. In particular, you will learn about:
Why MoE architecture is needed for efficient transformer scaling
How MoE works and its key components
How to implement MoE in transformer models
Letβs get started:
https://machinelearningmastery.com/mixture-of-experts-architecture-in-transformer-models/
βοΈ Our Telegram channels: https://t.iss.one/addlist/0f6vfFbEMdAwODBkπ± Our WhatsApp channel: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaC7Weq29753hpcggW2A
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Auto-Encoder & Backpropagation by hand βοΈ lecture video ~ πΊ https://byhand.ai/cv/10
It took me a few years to invent this method to show both forward and backward passes for a non-trivial case of a multi-layer perceptron over a batch of inputs, plus gradient descents over multiple epochs, while being able to hand calculate each step and code in Excel at the same time.
= Chapters =
β’ Encoder & Decoder (00:00)
β’ Equation (10:09)
β’ 4-2-4 AutoEncoder (16:38)
β’ 6-4-2-4-6 AutoEncoder (18:39)
β’ L2 Loss (20:49)
β’ L2 Loss Gradient (27:31)
β’ Backpropagation (30:12)
β’ Implement Backpropagation (39:00)
β’ Gradient Descent (44:30)
β’ Summary (51:39)
βοΈ Our Telegram channels: https://t.iss.one/addlist/0f6vfFbEMdAwODBk
It took me a few years to invent this method to show both forward and backward passes for a non-trivial case of a multi-layer perceptron over a batch of inputs, plus gradient descents over multiple epochs, while being able to hand calculate each step and code in Excel at the same time.
= Chapters =
β’ Encoder & Decoder (00:00)
β’ Equation (10:09)
β’ 4-2-4 AutoEncoder (16:38)
β’ 6-4-2-4-6 AutoEncoder (18:39)
β’ L2 Loss (20:49)
β’ L2 Loss Gradient (27:31)
β’ Backpropagation (30:12)
β’ Implement Backpropagation (39:00)
β’ Gradient Descent (44:30)
β’ Summary (51:39)
#AIEngineering #MachineLearning #DeepLearning #LLMs #RAG #MLOps #Python #GitHubProjects #AIForBeginners #ArtificialIntelligence #NeuralNetworks #OpenSourceAI #DataScienceCareers
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If you are doing regression modeling in Python for explanatory purposes, don't use scikit-learn - it's not set up for explanatory modeling. Use #statsmodels. It's set up much better for immediately showing you all the underlying parameters of your model and helping you interpret your results..
#analytics #peopleanalytics #datascience #rstats #python
#analytics #peopleanalytics #datascience #rstats #python
βοΈ Our Telegram channels: https://t.iss.one/addlist/0f6vfFbEMdAwODBkπ± Our WhatsApp channel: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaC7Weq29753hpcggW2A
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Mathematical Theory of Deep Learning.pdf
7.8 MB
Unlock the Secrets of #DeepLearning with Math!
Excited to share a free resource for all data science enthusiasts! "Mathematical Theory of Deep Learning" by Philipp Petersen and Jakob Zech is now available on #arXiv.
This book breaks down the core pillars of deep learning with rigorous yet accessible #math. Perfect for grad students, researchers, or anyone curious about why neural networks work so well!
Key Takeaways:
Mastering feedforward neural networks and ReLU's expressive power
Exploring gradient descent, backpropagation, and the loss landscape
Unraveling generalization, double descent, and adversarial robustness.
Excited to share a free resource for all data science enthusiasts! "Mathematical Theory of Deep Learning" by Philipp Petersen and Jakob Zech is now available on #arXiv.
This book breaks down the core pillars of deep learning with rigorous yet accessible #math. Perfect for grad students, researchers, or anyone curious about why neural networks work so well!
Key Takeaways:
Mastering feedforward neural networks and ReLU's expressive power
Exploring gradient descent, backpropagation, and the loss landscape
Unraveling generalization, double descent, and adversarial robustness.
βοΈ Our Telegram channels: https://t.iss.one/addlist/0f6vfFbEMdAwODBkπ± Our WhatsApp channel: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaC7Weq29753hpcggW2A
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Forwarded from Python | Machine Learning | Coding | R
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Caltech's "Undergraduate Game Theory" lecture notes by Omer Tamuz
PDF: https://tamuz.caltech.edu/teaching/ps172/lectures.pdf
βοΈ Our Telegram channels: https://t.iss.one/addlist/0f6vfFbEMdAwODBk
PDF: https://tamuz.caltech.edu/teaching/ps172/lectures.pdf
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3. Berkeley Agents: https://llmagents-learning.org/f24
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What is torch.nn really?
This article explains it quite well.
π Read
βοΈ Our Telegram channels: https://t.iss.one/addlist/0f6vfFbEMdAwODBk
When I started working with PyTorch, my biggest question was: "What is torch.nn?".
This article explains it quite well.
π Read
#pytorch #AIEngineering #MachineLearning #DeepLearning #LLMs #RAG #MLOps #Python #GitHubProjects #AIForBeginners #ArtificialIntelligence #NeuralNetworks #OpenSourceAI #DataScienceCareers
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#DataScience #SQL #Python #MachineLearning #Statistics #BusinessAnalytics #ProductCaseStudies #DataScienceProjects #InterviewPrep #LearnDataScience #YouTubeLearning #CodingInterview #MLInterview #SQLProjects #PythonForDataScience
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Forwarded from Python | Machine Learning | Coding | R
This channels is for Programmers, Coders, Software Engineers.
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Topic: CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) β Part 1: Introduction and Basic Concepts
---
1. What is a CNN?
β’ A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a type of deep learning model primarily used for analyzing visual data.
β’ CNNs automatically learn spatial hierarchies of features through convolutional layers.
---
2. Key Components of CNN
β’ Convolutional Layer: Applies filters (kernels) to input images to extract features like edges, textures, and shapes.
β’ Activation Function: Usually ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) is applied after convolution for non-linearity.
β’ Pooling Layer: Reduces the spatial size of feature maps, typically using Max Pooling.
β’ Fully Connected Layer: After feature extraction, maps features to output classes.
---
3. How Convolution Works
β’ A kernel (small matrix) slides over the input image, computing element-wise multiplications and summing them up to form a feature map.
β’ Kernels detect features like edges, lines, and patterns.
---
4. Basic CNN Architecture Example
| Layer Type | Description |
| --------------- | ---------------------------------- |
| Input | Image of size (e.g., 28x28x1) |
| Conv Layer | 32 filters of size 3x3 |
| Activation | ReLU |
| Pooling Layer | MaxPooling 2x2 |
| Fully Connected | Flatten + Dense for classification |
---
5. Simple CNN with PyTorch Example
---
6. Why CNN over Fully Connected Networks?
β’ CNNs reduce the number of parameters by weight sharing in kernels.
β’ They preserve spatial relationships unlike fully connected layers.
---
Summary
β’ CNNs are powerful for image and video tasks due to convolution and pooling.
β’ Understanding convolution, pooling, and architecture basics is key to building models.
---
Exercise
β’ Implement a CNN with two convolutional layers and train it on MNIST digits.
---
#CNN #DeepLearning #NeuralNetworks #Convolution #MachineLearning
https://t.iss.one/DataScience4
---
1. What is a CNN?
β’ A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a type of deep learning model primarily used for analyzing visual data.
β’ CNNs automatically learn spatial hierarchies of features through convolutional layers.
---
2. Key Components of CNN
β’ Convolutional Layer: Applies filters (kernels) to input images to extract features like edges, textures, and shapes.
β’ Activation Function: Usually ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) is applied after convolution for non-linearity.
β’ Pooling Layer: Reduces the spatial size of feature maps, typically using Max Pooling.
β’ Fully Connected Layer: After feature extraction, maps features to output classes.
---
3. How Convolution Works
β’ A kernel (small matrix) slides over the input image, computing element-wise multiplications and summing them up to form a feature map.
β’ Kernels detect features like edges, lines, and patterns.
---
4. Basic CNN Architecture Example
| Layer Type | Description |
| --------------- | ---------------------------------- |
| Input | Image of size (e.g., 28x28x1) |
| Conv Layer | 32 filters of size 3x3 |
| Activation | ReLU |
| Pooling Layer | MaxPooling 2x2 |
| Fully Connected | Flatten + Dense for classification |
---
5. Simple CNN with PyTorch Example
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
class SimpleCNN(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(SimpleCNN, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 32, kernel_size=3) # 1 input channel, 32 filters
self.pool = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2)
self.fc1 = nn.Linear(32 * 13 * 13, 10) # Assuming input 28x28
def forward(self, x):
x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv1(x)))
x = x.view(-1, 32 * 13 * 13) # Flatten
x = self.fc1(x)
return x
---
6. Why CNN over Fully Connected Networks?
β’ CNNs reduce the number of parameters by weight sharing in kernels.
β’ They preserve spatial relationships unlike fully connected layers.
---
Summary
β’ CNNs are powerful for image and video tasks due to convolution and pooling.
β’ Understanding convolution, pooling, and architecture basics is key to building models.
---
Exercise
β’ Implement a CNN with two convolutional layers and train it on MNIST digits.
---
#CNN #DeepLearning #NeuralNetworks #Convolution #MachineLearning
https://t.iss.one/DataScience4
β€7
Topic: CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) β Part 2: Layers, Padding, Stride, and Activation Functions
---
1. Convolutional Layer Parameters
β’ Kernel (Filter) Size: Size of the sliding window (e.g., 3x3, 5x5).
β’ Stride: Number of pixels the filter moves at each step. Larger stride means smaller output.
β’ Padding: Adding zeros around the input to control output size.
* Valid padding: No padding, output smaller than input.
* Same padding: Pads input so output size equals input size.
---
2. Calculating Output Size
For input size $N$, filter size $F$, padding $P$, stride $S$:
$$
\text{Output size} = \left\lfloor \frac{N - F + 2P}{S} \right\rfloor + 1
$$
---
3. Activation Functions
β’ ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit): Most common, outputs zero for negatives, linear for positives.
β’ Other activations: Sigmoid, Tanh, Leaky ReLU.
---
4. Pooling Layers
β’ Reduces spatial dimensions to lower computational cost.
β’ Max Pooling: Takes the maximum value in a window.
β’ Average Pooling: Takes the average value.
---
5. Example PyTorch CNN with Padding and Stride
---
6. Summary
β’ Padding and stride control output dimensions of convolution layers.
β’ ReLU is widely used for non-linearity.
β’ Pooling layers reduce dimensionality, improving performance.
---
Exercise
β’ Modify the example above to add a third convolutional layer with stride 2 and observe output sizes.
---
#CNN #DeepLearning #ActivationFunctions #Padding #Stride
https://t.iss.one/DataScience4
---
1. Convolutional Layer Parameters
β’ Kernel (Filter) Size: Size of the sliding window (e.g., 3x3, 5x5).
β’ Stride: Number of pixels the filter moves at each step. Larger stride means smaller output.
β’ Padding: Adding zeros around the input to control output size.
* Valid padding: No padding, output smaller than input.
* Same padding: Pads input so output size equals input size.
---
2. Calculating Output Size
For input size $N$, filter size $F$, padding $P$, stride $S$:
$$
\text{Output size} = \left\lfloor \frac{N - F + 2P}{S} \right\rfloor + 1
$$
---
3. Activation Functions
β’ ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit): Most common, outputs zero for negatives, linear for positives.
β’ Other activations: Sigmoid, Tanh, Leaky ReLU.
---
4. Pooling Layers
β’ Reduces spatial dimensions to lower computational cost.
β’ Max Pooling: Takes the maximum value in a window.
β’ Average Pooling: Takes the average value.
---
5. Example PyTorch CNN with Padding and Stride
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
class CNNWithPadding(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(CNNWithPadding, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 16, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1) # output same size as input
self.pool = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2)
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(16, 32, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=0) # valid padding
self.fc1 = nn.Linear(32 * 13 * 13, 10)
def forward(self, x):
x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv1(x))) # 28x28 -> 28x28 -> 14x14 after pooling
x = F.relu(self.conv2(x)) # 14x14 -> 12x12
x = x.view(-1, 32 * 12 * 12)
x = self.fc1(x)
return x
---
6. Summary
β’ Padding and stride control output dimensions of convolution layers.
β’ ReLU is widely used for non-linearity.
β’ Pooling layers reduce dimensionality, improving performance.
---
Exercise
β’ Modify the example above to add a third convolutional layer with stride 2 and observe output sizes.
---
#CNN #DeepLearning #ActivationFunctions #Padding #Stride
https://t.iss.one/DataScience4
β€5
Topic: CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) β Part 3: Batch Normalization, Dropout, and Regularization
---
1. Batch Normalization (BatchNorm)
β’ Normalizes layer inputs to improve training speed and stability.
β’ It reduces internal covariate shift by normalizing activations over the batch.
β’ Formula applied for each batch:
$$
\hat{x} = \frac{x - \mu}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \epsilon}} \quad;\quad y = \gamma \hat{x} + \beta
$$
where $\mu$, $\sigma^2$ are batch mean and variance, $\gamma$ and $\beta$ are learnable parameters.
---
2. Dropout
β’ A regularization technique that randomly "drops out" neurons during training to prevent overfitting.
β’ The dropout rate (e.g., 0.5) specifies the probability of dropping a neuron.
---
3. Adding BatchNorm and Dropout in PyTorch
---
4. Why Use BatchNorm and Dropout?
β’ BatchNorm helps the model converge faster and allows higher learning rates.
β’ Dropout helps reduce overfitting by making the network less sensitive to specific neuron weights.
---
5. Other Regularization Techniques
β’ Weight Decay: Adds an L2 penalty to weights during optimization.
β’ Early Stopping: Stops training when validation loss starts increasing.
---
Summary
β’ Batch normalization and dropout are essential tools for training deep CNNs effectively.
β’ Regularization improves generalization and reduces overfitting.
---
Exercise
β’ Modify the CNN above by adding dropout after the second fully connected layer and train it on a dataset to compare results with/without dropout.
---
#CNN #BatchNormalization #Dropout #Regularization #DeepLearning
https://t.iss.one/DataScienceM
---
1. Batch Normalization (BatchNorm)
β’ Normalizes layer inputs to improve training speed and stability.
β’ It reduces internal covariate shift by normalizing activations over the batch.
β’ Formula applied for each batch:
$$
\hat{x} = \frac{x - \mu}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \epsilon}} \quad;\quad y = \gamma \hat{x} + \beta
$$
where $\mu$, $\sigma^2$ are batch mean and variance, $\gamma$ and $\beta$ are learnable parameters.
---
2. Dropout
β’ A regularization technique that randomly "drops out" neurons during training to prevent overfitting.
β’ The dropout rate (e.g., 0.5) specifies the probability of dropping a neuron.
---
3. Adding BatchNorm and Dropout in PyTorch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
class CNNWithBNDropout(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(CNNWithBNDropout, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 32, 3, padding=1)
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(32)
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(0.5)
self.pool = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2)
self.fc1 = nn.Linear(32 * 14 * 14, 128)
self.fc2 = nn.Linear(128, 10)
def forward(self, x):
x = self.pool(F.relu(self.bn1(self.conv1(x))))
x = x.view(-1, 32 * 14 * 14)
x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
x = self.dropout(x)
x = self.fc2(x)
return x
---
4. Why Use BatchNorm and Dropout?
β’ BatchNorm helps the model converge faster and allows higher learning rates.
β’ Dropout helps reduce overfitting by making the network less sensitive to specific neuron weights.
---
5. Other Regularization Techniques
β’ Weight Decay: Adds an L2 penalty to weights during optimization.
β’ Early Stopping: Stops training when validation loss starts increasing.
---
Summary
β’ Batch normalization and dropout are essential tools for training deep CNNs effectively.
β’ Regularization improves generalization and reduces overfitting.
---
Exercise
β’ Modify the CNN above by adding dropout after the second fully connected layer and train it on a dataset to compare results with/without dropout.
---
#CNN #BatchNormalization #Dropout #Regularization #DeepLearning
https://t.iss.one/DataScienceM
β€7π1
Topic: CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) β Part 3: Flattening, Fully Connected Layers, and Final Output
---
1. Flattening the Feature Maps
β’ After convolution and pooling layers, the resulting feature maps are multi-dimensional tensors.
β’ Flattening transforms these 3D tensors into 1D vectors to be passed into fully connected (dense) layers.
Example:
This reshapes the tensor from shape
---
2. Fully Connected (Dense) Layers
β’ These layers are used to perform classification based on the extracted features.
β’ Each neuron is connected to every neuron in the previous layer.
β’ They are placed after convolutional and pooling layers.
---
3. Output Layer
β’ The final layer is typically a fully connected layer with output neurons equal to the number of classes.
β’ Apply a softmax activation for multi-class classification (e.g., 10 classes for digits 0β9).
---
4. Complete CNN Example (PyTorch)
---
5. Why Fully Connected Layers Are Important
β’ They combine all learned spatial features into a single feature vector for classification.
β’ They introduce the final decision boundary between classes.
---
Summary
β’ Flattening bridges the convolutional part of the network to the fully connected part.
β’ Fully connected layers transform features into class scores.
β’ The output layer applies classification logic like softmax or sigmoid depending on the task.
---
Exercise
β’ Modify the CNN above to classify CIFAR-10 images (3 channels, 32x32) and calculate the total number of parameters in each layer.
---
#CNN #NeuralNetworks #Flattening #FullyConnected #DeepLearning
https://t.iss.one/DataScienceM
---
1. Flattening the Feature Maps
β’ After convolution and pooling layers, the resulting feature maps are multi-dimensional tensors.
β’ Flattening transforms these 3D tensors into 1D vectors to be passed into fully connected (dense) layers.
Example:
x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)
This reshapes the tensor from shape
[batch_size, channels, height, width]
to [batch_size, features]
.---
2. Fully Connected (Dense) Layers
β’ These layers are used to perform classification based on the extracted features.
β’ Each neuron is connected to every neuron in the previous layer.
β’ They are placed after convolutional and pooling layers.
---
3. Output Layer
β’ The final layer is typically a fully connected layer with output neurons equal to the number of classes.
β’ Apply a softmax activation for multi-class classification (e.g., 10 classes for digits 0β9).
---
4. Complete CNN Example (PyTorch)
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
class FullCNN(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(FullCNN, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 32, 3, padding=1)
self.pool = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2)
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(32, 64, 3, padding=1)
self.fc1 = nn.Linear(64 * 7 * 7, 128) # assumes input 28x28
self.fc2 = nn.Linear(128, 10)
def forward(self, x):
x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv1(x))) # 28x28 -> 14x14
x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv2(x))) # 14x14 -> 7x7
x = x.view(-1, 64 * 7 * 7) # Flatten
x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
x = self.fc2(x) # Output layer
return x
---
5. Why Fully Connected Layers Are Important
β’ They combine all learned spatial features into a single feature vector for classification.
β’ They introduce the final decision boundary between classes.
---
Summary
β’ Flattening bridges the convolutional part of the network to the fully connected part.
β’ Fully connected layers transform features into class scores.
β’ The output layer applies classification logic like softmax or sigmoid depending on the task.
---
Exercise
β’ Modify the CNN above to classify CIFAR-10 images (3 channels, 32x32) and calculate the total number of parameters in each layer.
---
#CNN #NeuralNetworks #Flattening #FullyConnected #DeepLearning
https://t.iss.one/DataScienceM
β€6
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