Mathematics for Machine Learning

Published by Cambridge University Press (published April 2020)

https://mml-book.com

PDF: https://mml-book.github.io/book/mml-book.pdf

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Complete Data Science Roadmap
👇👇

1. Introduction to Data Science
- Overview and Importance
- Data Science Lifecycle
- Key Roles (Data Scientist, Analyst, Engineer)

2. Mathematics and Statistics
- Probability and Distributions
- Descriptive/Inferential Statistics
- Hypothesis Testing
- Linear Algebra and Calculus Basics

3. Programming Languages
- Python: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib
- R: dplyr, ggplot2
- SQL: Joins, Aggregations, CRUD

4. Data Collection & Preprocessing
- Data Cleaning and Wrangling
- Handling Missing Data
- Feature Engineering

5. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
- Summary Statistics
- Data Visualization (Histograms, Box Plots, Correlation)

6. Machine Learning
- Supervised (Linear/Logistic Regression, Decision Trees)
- Unsupervised (K-Means, PCA)
- Model Selection and Cross-Validation

7. Advanced Machine Learning
- SVM, Random Forests, Boosting
- Neural Networks Basics

8. Deep Learning
- Neural Networks Architecture
- CNNs for Image Data
- RNNs for Sequential Data

9. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
- Text Preprocessing
- Sentiment Analysis
- Word Embeddings (Word2Vec)

10. Data Visualization & Storytelling
- Dashboards (Tableau, Power BI)
- Telling Stories with Data

11. Model Deployment
- Deploy with Flask or Django
- Monitoring and Retraining Models

12. Big Data & Cloud
- Introduction to Hadoop, Spark
- Cloud Tools (AWS, Google Cloud)

13. Data Engineering Basics
- ETL Pipelines
- Data Warehousing (Redshift, BigQuery)

14. Ethics in Data Science
- Ethical Data Usage
- Bias in AI Models

15. Tools for Data Science
- Jupyter, Git, Docker

16. Career Path & Certifications
- Building a Data Science Portfolio

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Few ways to optimise SQL Queries 👇👇

Use Indexing: Properly indexing your database tables can significantly speed up query performance by allowing the database to quickly locate the rows needed for a query.

Optimize Joins: Minimize the number of joins and use appropriate join types (e.g., INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN) to ensure efficient data retrieval.

Avoid SELECT * : Instead of selecting all columns using SELECT *, explicitly specify only the columns needed for the query to reduce unnecessary data transfer and processing overhead.

Use WHERE Clause Wisely: Filter rows early in the query using WHERE clause to reduce the dataset size before joining or aggregating data.

Avoid Subqueries: Whenever possible, rewrite subqueries as JOINs or use Common Table Expressions (CTEs) for better performance.

Limit the Use of DISTINCT: Minimize the use of DISTINCT as it requires sorting and duplicate removal, which can be resource-intensive for large datasets.

Optimize GROUP BY and ORDER BY: Use GROUP BY and ORDER BY clauses judiciously, and ensure that they are using indexed columns whenever possible to avoid unnecessary sorting.

Consider Partitioning: Partition large tables to distribute data across multiple nodes, which can improve query performance by reducing I/O operations.

Monitor Query Performance: Regularly monitor query performance using tools like query execution plans, database profiler, and performance monitoring tools to identify and address bottlenecks.

Hope it helps :)

Data Analyst Interview Questions 👇

1.How to create filters in Power BI?

Filters are an integral part of Power BI reports. They are used to slice and dice the data as per the dimensions we want. Filters are created in a couple of ways.

Using Slicers: A slicer is a visual under Visualization Pane. This can be added to the design view to filter our reports. When a slicer is added to the design view, it requires a field to be added to it. For example- Slicer can be added for Country fields. Then the data can be filtered based on countries.
Using Filter Pane: The Power BI team has added a filter pane to the reports, which is a single space where we can add different fields as filters. And these fields can be added depending on whether you want to filter only one visual(Visual level filter), or all the visuals in the report page(Page level filters), or applicable to all the pages of the report(report level filters)


2.How to sort data in Power BI?

Sorting is available in multiple formats. In the data view, a common sorting option of alphabetical order is there. Apart from that, we have the option of Sort by column, where one can sort a column based on another column. The sorting option is available in visuals as well. Sort by ascending and descending option by the fields and measure present in the visual is also available.


3.How to convert pdf to excel?

Open the PDF document you want to convert in XLSX format in Acrobat DC.
Go to the right pane and click on the “Export PDF” option.
Choose spreadsheet as the Export format.
Select “Microsoft Excel Workbook.”
Now click “Export.”
Download the converted file or share it.


4. How to enable macros in excel?

Click the file tab and then click “Options.”
A dialog box will appear. In the “Excel Options” dialog box, click on the “Trust Center” and then “Trust Center Settings.”
Go to the “Macro Settings” and select “enable all macros.”
Click OK to apply the macro settings.

Three different learning styles in machine learning algorithms:

1. Supervised Learning

Input data is called training data and has a known label or result such as spam/not-spam or a stock price at a time.

A model is prepared through a training process in which it is required to make predictions and is corrected when those predictions are wrong. The training process continues until the model achieves a desired level of accuracy on the training data.

Example problems are classification and regression.

Example algorithms include: Logistic Regression and the Back Propagation Neural Network.

2. Unsupervised Learning

Input data is not labeled and does not have a known result.

A model is prepared by deducing structures present in the input data. This may be to extract general rules. It may be through a mathematical process to systematically reduce redundancy, or it may be to organize data by similarity.

Example problems are clustering, dimensionality reduction and association rule learning.

Example algorithms include: the Apriori algorithm and K-Means.

3. Semi-Supervised Learning

Input data is a mixture of labeled and unlabelled examples.

There is a desired prediction problem but the model must learn the structures to organize the data as well as make predictions.

Example problems are classification and regression.

Example algorithms are extensions to other flexible methods that make assumptions about how to model the unlabeled data.

100 Days Data Analysis Roadmap for 2025

Daily hours: 1-2 hours. the practical application of what you learn is crucial, so allocate some time for hands-on projects and real- world applications.

Days 1-10: Foundations of Data Analysis

Days 1-2:Install Python, Jupyter Notebooks, and necessary libraries (NumPy, Pandas).

Days 3-5: Learn the basics of Python programming.

Days 6-10: Dive into data manipulation with Pandas.

Days 11-20: SQL for Data Analysis

Days 11-15: Learn SQL for querying and analyzing databases.

Days 16-20: Practice SQL on real-world datasets.

Days 21-30: Excel for Data Analysis

Days 21-25: Master essential Excel functions for data analysis.

Days 26-30: Explore advanced Excel features for data manipulation and visualization.

Days 31-40: Data Cleaning and Preprocessing

Days 31-35: Explore data cleaning techniques and handle missing data.

Days 36-40: Learn about data preprocessing techniques (scaling, encoding, etc.).

Days 41-50: Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

Days 41-45: Understand statistical concepts and techniques for EDA.

Days 46-50: Apply data visualization tools (Matplotlib, Seaborn) for EDA.

Days 51-60: Statistical Analysis

Days 51-55: Deepen your understanding of statistical concepts.

Days 56-60: Learn hypothesis testing and regression analysis.

Days 61-70: Advanced Data Visualization

Days 61-65: Explore advanced data visualization with tools like Plotly and Tableau.

Days 66-70: Create interactive dashboards for data storytelling.

Days 71-80: Time Series Analysis and Forecasting

Days 71-75: Understand time series data and basic analysis.

Days 76-80: Implement time series forecasting models.

Days 81-90: Capstone Project and Specialization

Work on a practical data analysis project incorporating all learned concepts.

Choose a specialization (e.g., domain-specific analysis) and explore advanced techniques.

Days 91-100: Additional Tools

Days 91-95: Introduction to big data concepts (Hadoop, Spark).

• Days 96-100: Hands-on experience with distributed computing using Spark.

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Here are some advanced SQL techniques that are game-changers

Window Functions: Learn how to use OVER() for advanced analytics tasks. They are crucial for calculating running totals, rankings, and lead-lag analysis in datasets.

CTEs and Temp Tables: Common Table Expressions (CTEs) and temporary tables can simplify complex queries, especially when dealing with large datasets.

Dynamic SQL: Understand how to construct SQL queries dynamically to increase the flexibility of your database interactions.

Optimizing Queries for Performance: Explore how indexing, query restructuring, and understanding execution plans can drastically improve your query performance.

Using PIVOT and UNPIVOT: These operations are key for converting rows to columns and vice versa, making data more readable and analysis-friendly. If you're looking to deepen your SQL knowledge, these areas are a great start.

5 Algorithms you must know as a data scientist 👩‍💻 🧑‍💻

1. Dimensionality Reduction
- PCA, t-SNE, LDA

2. Regression models
- Linesr regression, Kernel-based regression models, Lasso Regression, Ridge regression, Elastic-net regression

3. Classification models
- Binary classification- Logistic regression, SVM
- Multiclass classification- One versus one, one versus many
- Multilabel classification

4. Clustering models
- K Means clustering, Hierarchical clustering, DBSCAN, BIRCH models

5. Decision tree based models
- CART model, ensemble models(XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost)

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Top 10 Data Science Concepts You Should Know 🧠

1. Data Cleaning: Garbage In, Garbage Out. You can't build great models on messy data. Learn to spot and fix errors before you start. Seriously, this is the most important step.

2. EDA: Your Data's Secret Diary. Before you build anything, EXPLORE! Understand your data's quirks, distributions, and relationships. Visualizations are your best friend here.

3. Feature Engineering: Turning Data into Gold. Raw data is often useless. Feature engineering is how you transform it into something your models can actually learn from. Think about what the data represents.

4. Machine Learning: The Right Tool for the Job. Don't just throw algorithms at problems. Understand why you're using linear regression vs. a random forest.

5. Model Validation: Are You Lying to Yourself? Too many people build models that look great on paper but fail in the real world. Rigorous validation is essential.

6. Feature Selection: Less Can Be More. Get rid of the noise! Focusing on the most important features improves performance and interpretability.

7. Dimensionality Reduction: Simplify, Simplify, Simplify. High-dimensional data can be a nightmare. Learn techniques to reduce complexity without losing valuable information.

8. Model Optimization: Squeeze Every Last Drop. Fine-tuning your model parameters can make a huge difference. But be careful not to overfit!

9. Data Visualization: Tell a Story People Understand. Don't just dump charts on a page. Craft a narrative that highlights key insights.

10. Big Data: When Things Get Serious. If you're dealing with massive datasets, you'll need specialized tools like Hadoop and Spark. But don't start here! Master the fundamentals first.

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🔟 Python Data Science Project Ideas for Beginners

1. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Use libraries like Pandas and Matplotlib to analyze a dataset (e.g., from Kaggle). Perform data cleaning, visualization, and summary statistics.

2. Titanic Survival Prediction: Build a logistic regression model using the Titanic dataset to predict survival. Learn data preprocessing with Pandas and model evaluation with Scikit-learn.

3. Movie Recommendation System: Implement a recommendation system using collaborative filtering with the Surprise library or matrix factorization techniques.

4. Stock Price Predictor: Use libraries like NumPy and Scikit-learn to analyze historical stock prices and create a linear regression model for predictions.

5. Sentiment Analysis: Analyze Twitter data using Tweepy to collect tweets and apply NLP techniques with NLTK or SpaCy to classify sentiments as positive, negative, or neutral.

6. Image Classification with CNNs: Use TensorFlow or Keras to build a CNN that classifies images from datasets like CIFAR-10 or MNIST.

7. Customer Segmentation: Utilize the K-means clustering algorithm from Scikit-learn to segment customers based on purchasing patterns.

8. Web Scraping with BeautifulSoup: Create a web scraper to collect data from websites and analyze it with Pandas. Focus on cleaning and organizing the scraped data.

9. House Price Prediction: Build a regression model using Scikit-learn to predict house prices based on features like size, location, and number of bedrooms.

10. Interactive Data Visualization: Use Plotly or Streamlit to create an interactive dashboard that visualizes your EDA results or any other dataset insights.

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Core data science concepts you should know:

🔢 1. Statistics & Probability

Descriptive statistics: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance

Inferential statistics: Hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, p-values, t-tests, ANOVA

Probability distributions: Normal, Binomial, Poisson, Uniform

Bayes' Theorem

Central Limit Theorem


📊 2. Data Wrangling & Cleaning

Handling missing values

Outlier detection and treatment

Data transformation (scaling, encoding, normalization)

Feature engineering

Dealing with imbalanced data


📈 3. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis

Correlation and covariance

Data visualization tools: Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly

Insights generation through visual storytelling


🤖 4. Machine Learning Fundamentals

Supervised Learning: Linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, SVM, k-NN

Unsupervised Learning: K-means, hierarchical clustering, PCA

Model evaluation: Accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, ROC-AUC

Cross-validation and overfitting/underfitting

Bias-variance tradeoff


🧠 5. Deep Learning (Basics)

Neural networks: Perceptron, MLP

Activation functions (ReLU, Sigmoid, Tanh)

Backpropagation

Gradient descent and learning rate

CNNs and RNNs (intro level)


🗃️ 6. Data Structures & Algorithms (DSA)

Arrays, lists, dictionaries, sets

Sorting and searching algorithms

Time and space complexity (Big-O notation)

Common problems: string manipulation, matrix operations, recursion


💾 7. SQL & Databases

SELECT, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING

JOINS (inner, left, right, full)

Subqueries and CTEs

Window functions

Indexing and normalization


📦 8. Tools & Libraries

Python: pandas, NumPy, scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch

R: dplyr, ggplot2, caret

Jupyter Notebooks for experimentation

Git and GitHub for version control


🧪 9. A/B Testing & Experimentation

Control vs. treatment group

Hypothesis formulation

Significance level, p-value interpretation

Power analysis


🌐 10. Business Acumen & Storytelling

Translating data insights into business value

Crafting narratives with data

Building dashboards (Power BI, Tableau)

Knowing KPIs and business metrics

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Regression Analysis Cheatsheet

Understanding Popular ML Algorithms:

1️⃣ Linear Regression: Think of it as drawing a straight line through data points to predict future outcomes.

2️⃣ Logistic Regression: Like a yes/no machine - it predicts the likelihood of something happening or not.

3️⃣ Decision Trees: Imagine making decisions by answering yes/no questions, leading to a conclusion.

4️⃣ Random Forest: It's like a group of decision trees working together, making more accurate predictions.

5️⃣ Support Vector Machines (SVM): Visualize drawing lines to separate different types of things, like cats and dogs.

6️⃣ K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN): Friends sticking together - if most of your friends like something, chances are you'll like it too!

7️⃣ Neural Networks: Inspired by the brain, they learn patterns from examples - perfect for recognizing faces or understanding speech.

8️⃣ K-Means Clustering: Imagine sorting your socks by color without knowing how many colors there are - it groups similar things.

9️⃣ Principal Component Analysis (PCA): Simplifies complex data by focusing on what's important, like summarizing a long story with just a few key points.

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