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Topic: PHP Basics – Part 1 of 10: Introduction and Syntax

---

1. What is PHP?

• PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used, open-source server-side scripting language designed for web development.

• Embedded in HTML and used to create dynamic web pages, manage databases, handle forms, sessions, and more.

---

2. Why Use PHP?

• Easy to learn and integrates seamlessly with HTML.

• Works well with MySQL and popular servers like Apache or Nginx.

• Supported by major CMS platforms like WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla.

---

3. PHP Syntax Overview

• PHP code is written inside <?php ... ?> tags.

<?php
  echo "Hello, World!";
?>

• Every PHP statement ends with a semicolon (`;`).

---

4. Basic Output with `echo` and `print`

<?php
  echo "This is output using echo";
  print "This is output using print";
?>

• echo is slightly faster; print returns a value.

---

5. PHP Variables

• Variables start with a dollar sign (`$`) and are case-sensitive.

<?php
  $name = "Ali";
  $age = 25;
  echo "My name is $name and I am $age years old.";
?>

---

6. PHP Comments

// Single-line comment
# Also single-line comment
/* Multi-line
   comment */

---

7. Summary

• PHP is a server-side scripting language used to build dynamic web applications.

• Basic syntax includes echo, variables with $, and proper use of <?php ... ?> tags.

---

Exercise

• Write a simple PHP script that defines two variables ($name and $age) and prints a sentence using them.

---

#PHP #WebDevelopment #PHPTutorial #ServerSide #Backend

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Topic: PHP Basics – Part 2 of 10: Data Types and Operators

---

1. PHP Data Types

PHP supports multiple data types. The most common include:

• String – A sequence of characters.

$name = "Ali";

• Integer – Whole numbers.

$age = 30;

• Float (Double) – Decimal numbers.

$price = 19.99;

• Boolean – true or false.

$is_active = true;

• Array – Collection of values.

$colors = array("red", "green", "blue");

• Object, NULL, Resource – Used in advanced scenarios.

---

2. Type Checking Functions

var_dump($variable); // Displays type and value
is_string($name);    // Returns true if $name is a string
is_array($colors);   // Returns true if $colors is an array

---

3. PHP Operators

• Arithmetic Operators

$a = 10;
$b = 3;
echo $a + $b;  // Addition
echo $a - $b;  // Subtraction
echo $a * $b;  // Multiplication
echo $a / $b;  // Division
echo $a % $b;  // Modulus

• Assignment Operators

$x = 5;
$x += 3; // same as $x = $x + 3

• Comparison Operators

$a == $b  // Equal
$a === $b // Identical (value + type)
$a != $b  // Not equal
$a > $b   // Greater than

• Logical Operators

($a > 0 && $b > 0) // AND
($a > 0 || $b > 0) // OR
!$a               // NOT

---

4. String Concatenation

• Use the dot (.) operator to join strings.

$first = "Hello";
$second = "World";
echo $first . " " . $second;

---

5. Summary

• PHP supports multiple data types and a wide variety of operators.

• You can check and manipulate data types easily using built-in functions.

---

Exercise

• Create two variables: one string and one number. Perform arithmetic and string concatenation, and print the results.

---

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Topic: PHP Basics – Part 3 of 10: Control Structures (if, else, elseif, switch, loops)

---

1. Conditional Statements in PHP

PHP allows decision-making in your code through control structures like if, else, elseif, and switch.

---

2. `if`, `else`, and `elseif` Statements

<?php
$score = 85;

if ($score >= 90) {
    echo "Grade: A";
} elseif ($score >= 80) {
    echo "Grade: B";
} elseif ($score >= 70) {
    echo "Grade: C";
} else {
    echo "Grade: F";
}
?>

• The condition inside if() must return true or false.

• You can chain multiple conditions using elseif.

---

3. `switch` Statement

• Good for checking a variable against multiple possible values.

<?php
$day = "Tuesday";

switch ($day) {
    case "Monday":
        echo "Start of the week!";
        break;
    case "Friday":
        echo "Weekend is near!";
        break;
    case "Sunday":
        echo "Rest day!";
        break;
    default:
        echo "Just another day.";
}
?>

• Each case must end with a break to avoid fall-through.

---

4. Loops in PHP

Loops allow repeating code multiple times.

---

5. `while` Loop

<?php
$i = 0;
while ($i < 5) {
    echo "Number: $i<br>";
    $i++;
}
?>

• Repeats while the condition is true.

---

6. `do...while` Loop

<?php
$i = 0;
do {
    echo "Count: $i<br>";
    $i++;
} while ($i < 3);
?>

• Executes at least once even if the condition is false initially.

---

7. `for` Loop

<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++) {
    echo "Line $i<br>";
}
?>

• Most commonly used loop with initializer, condition, and increment.

---

8. `foreach` Loop

• Used to iterate over arrays.

<?php
$colors = array("red", "green", "blue");
foreach ($colors as $color) {
    echo "Color: $color<br>";
}
?>

• Also works with key-value pairs:

<?php
$person = array("name" => "Ali", "age" => 28);
foreach ($person as $key => $value) {
    echo "$key: $value<br>";
}
?>

---

9. Control Keywords

• break – Exit a loop or switch.
• continue – Skip current iteration and go to the next.

for ($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++) {
    if ($i == 3) continue;
    echo "$i<br>";
}

---

10. Summary

• Conditional logic (if, else, switch) helps make decisions.

• Loops (for, while, foreach) help automate repetitive tasks.

• Control flow is critical for building dynamic applications.

---

Exercise

• Write a PHP script that prints numbers 1 to 20, but skips multiples of 3 using continue, and stops completely if the number is 17 using break.

---

#PHP #ControlStructures #Loops #PHPTutorial #BackendDevelopment

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Topic: PHP Basics – Part 4 of 10: Arrays in PHP (Indexed, Associative, Multidimensional)

---

1. What is an Array in PHP?

• An array is a special variable that can hold multiple values at once.

• In PHP, arrays can be indexed, associative, or multidimensional.

---

2. Indexed Arrays

• Stores values with a numeric index (starting from 0).

$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
echo $fruits[1]; // Output: banana

• Add elements:

$fruits[] = "grape"; // Adds to the end of the array

• Count elements:

echo count($fruits); // Output: 4

• Loop through indexed array:

foreach ($fruits as $fruit) {
    echo $fruit . "<br>";
}

---

3. Associative Arrays

• Uses named keys instead of numeric indexes.

$person = array(
    "name" => "Ali",
    "age" => 30,
    "city" => "Istanbul"
);
echo $person["name"]; // Output: Ali

• Loop through associative array:

foreach ($person as $key => $value) {
    echo "$key: $value<br>";
}

---

4. Multidimensional Arrays

• Arrays containing one or more arrays.

$students = array(
    array("Ali", 90, 85),
    array("Sara", 95, 88),
    array("Omar", 78, 82)
);

echo $students[0][0]; // Output: Ali
echo $students[1][2]; // Output: 88

• Loop through multidimensional array:

for ($i = 0; $i < count($students); $i++) {
    for ($j = 0; $j < count($students[$i]); $j++) {
        echo $students[$i][$j] . " ";
    }
    echo "<br>";
}

---

5. Array Functions You Should Know

• count() – Number of elements
• array_push() – Add to end
• array_pop() – Remove last element
• array_merge() – Merge arrays
• in_array() – Check if value exists
• array_keys() – Get all keys
• sort(), rsort() – Sort indexed array
• asort(), ksort() – Sort associative array by value/key

$colors = array("red", "blue", "green");
sort($colors);
print_r($colors);

---

6. Summary

• Arrays are powerful tools for storing multiple values.

• Indexed arrays use numeric keys; associative arrays use named keys.

• PHP supports nested arrays for more complex structures.

---

Exercise

• Create a multidimensional array of 3 students with their names and 2 grades.

• Print the average grade of each student using a nested loop.

---

#PHP #Arrays #Multidimensional #PHPTutorial #BackendDevelopment

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